信并不总是容易的，但-以下什么是希望一forgiveable沉寂-在这里我们回到岛内，关于模糊短期一系列住宅，最近灭绝的动物。 开始与加勒比地区地图 。 来我们通过（对） 岛和犬科动物水獭一些，然后更多的犬科动物 ... 消息是，在这里我们有期待已久，备受要求'钛鹰派和怪物鸽子'的文章。 消息：我带走了对土卫六鹰派和其他猛禽，而鸽子将不得不等待，对不起...
在看来，猛龙队的大岛屿上的重要天敌全球直到最近，和平常一样，这些鸟类灭绝也许可以（尽管不是必然）将于人为原因归咎于：狩猎，迫害，栖息地的破坏，和/或生态干扰。 种，仍然是存在的，如普遍金雕雕雕和白肩雕答 雕 *被发现的马洛卡和科西嘉岛更新世，以及黄金的形式，特别是大型鹰作为一个单独的亚种， 答命名 角 szimurgh，居住更新世克里特岛。 尔科韦尔＆麦克明（1994）指出，这些大鹰会为名对地方性地中海偶蹄类动物，如矮megacerine 大角鹿cazioti，古怪的巴利阿里山羊myotragus balearicus和克里特岛鹿candiacervus，虽然我不知道是否有任何直接的，这些证据推断掠夺性关系。
*什么被称为帝国鹰现在是两个物种：东部的东欧和亚洲肩雕，西班牙白肩雕答 阿达尔贝蒂的伊比利亚半岛。 不知道这两种已经灭绝的鸟类属于地中海。
最大的鹰第二部分
鹰（ 白尾海 ）原居住在更新世或直至地中海岛屿的历史时代和夏威夷群岛要么，马达加斯加大，狐猴，狩猎stephanoaetus mahery，和新西兰最大的鹰，我们知道，令人敬畏的哈斯特的老鹰harpagornis蛾 （尽管阅读）。 以前写的哈斯特对春节动物园查看1 这里老鹰，但从未得到全面的整理和出版的东西第二部分，所以我也可以得到超过和这里完成。 是老新闻了，但早在2005年的大问题是，哈斯特的鹰-传统鉴于其（harpagornis）拥有属，被认为是接近或大健全雕鹰分支部分（holdaway 1992） -原来是一部分小健全鹰分支，这一发现不仅意味着我们必须修订有关的巨型鹰的亲和力我们的思想，而且完全出人意料和令人难以置信的事情发生，在这种鸟的祖先[相邻的图片显示约翰梅加汉得多，转载的哈斯特的老鹰队莫阿对重建]。
表现在bunce 等 。 （2005年），从哈斯特的鹰的dna表明，物种实际上是嵌套在hieraaetus的熊鹰，因此应该改hieraaetus蛾 。 有其他hieraaetus物种相当小（他们重约1千克，有角翼展1.2米：哈斯特的鹰重达13公斤，并已对角翼展2.6米），所以哈斯特的鹰祖先一定是小也。 推测，在抵达一个缺乏竞争对手地块和一大，地面猎物，一个小hieraaetus迅速成为一个强大的大进化的物种丰富。 们知道从有案可稽的埋藏证据证明哈斯特的老鹰可能，而且杀人，甚至是当今非常最大的恐鸟，而不像在大陆的大环境下老鹰可以与狼吞虎咽可能得到一个胴体，而不必担心飞行距离过自己匆匆[相邻图像显示靴雕每小时 pennatus]。
从加尔加诺巨人buteonines
中新世晚期或明年初新世（这个年龄段的来源取决于您咨询），是目前在意大利南部亚得里亚海岸加尔加诺半岛形成了一个由众多岛屿组成的群岛岛屿流行的四足动物居住。 中特别巨大睡鼠，仓鼠和小鼠，大长skulled deinogalerix刺猬（有5种，不只是一个像你想从通俗文学），水獭，欧洲鼠兔和多角偶蹄动物hoplitomeryx 。
而，很少提及是garganoaetus freudenthali和 g buteonine鹰派 murivorus（鲍尔曼1973年，1976年）。 湾 freudenthali是关于一金雕的规模，同时湾 murivorus可能是鹰大小。 么可能是另外两个，鹫大小garganoaetus物种也被称为。 个特点区别于其他鹰派和老鹰，尤其是其特有的跗跖骨其中的4位滑车延伸到远端的其他滑车，但在其它是由ballmann（1973）认为，许多基础跖跗字符将garganoaetus 1 buteonine：也就是说，一个accipitrid组，其中包括真正的秃鹰（ 毛脚 ）及其近亲属的成员（鹫鹰，蟹虎鹰，孤独的鹰，鹰parabuteo蜢哈里斯，蜥蜴鹫leucopternis schistacea等）。 buteonines大多是新世界的猛禽，它们是在飞涨良好，长期，广泛的翅膀，而且往往很短尾巴。 近的一项研究表示支持他们的单系（勒纳与敏德尔2005年）。
谷仓猫头鹰也出席了加尔加诺： 草鸮属罗巴斯塔是鲍尔曼（1973年，大小相似的雪鸮雕scandiacus）描述，而吨 巨甚至大于1雕鸮乙 腹股沟淋巴结炎 ，使已知最大的谷仓猫头鹰的所有时间（有些互联网消息说， 巨吨的两倍的 b. 鹗大 ：只要我可以告诉从鲍尔曼（1973） -它位于德国-他只说它是大于二鹗 ）。 有小仓鸮（ 吨santicalbani），其中一些额外的猫头鹰仍知之甚少，有palaeortyx种（山鸡也由法国著名中新世），鸽子，迅速，莺（ballmann 1973年，1976年）。 尔加诺禽流感的组合，最近也研究了帕维亚和göhlich（2004年）。 了由ballmann描述的类群，他们还报告说，朱鹭，一只鸭子，小猛禽，轨，一个新的大鸨和涉禽。
西印度巨型蟹虎鹰派
garganoaetus freudenthali很有趣，是一个大老鹰的大小，尽管它显然更关系密切，秃鹰和其他buteonines。 某些方面相似，是所谓的钛鹰派和西印度群岛等大型猛禽。 经常被这些灭绝的猛禽提到最初是作为阿奎拉borrasi阿雷东多，1970年描述的物种。 来自古巴更新世甚至以此阿雷东多（1976）指出的是类似的大小和形态（在跗解剖无论如何），以garganoaetus;阿雷东多还指出， 答 borrasi不再是比任何生活老鹰tarsometatasus，具有更长，更稳定的生活比任何老鹰股骨，与两倍左右的金雕的大型ungual指骨！ 管这些比例，a 的 tarsometatarsi borrasi更纤细比鹰雕的，所以它可能无法应付大规模健全的金雕和其他大型哺乳动物物种雕猎物可以[相邻图像显示草原鹰buteogallus鲇 ：对相关阅读]。
我最成长期我一直以为答 borrasi是一个比较熟悉的物种，都因为古巴邮票-显示在文章的顶部-描绘这一物种的美好生活的恢复。 ，生命恢复只是一个小说，只不过是马力的歌手亚瑟的画版，从20世纪60年代的华丽鹰鹰鹰ornatus卷走来捕捉绿鬣蜥。 实上， 答 borrasi一直鲜为人知的神秘。 雷东多的原a 的分类 borrasi反映了作为阿奎拉的一部分，作为'垃圾后者的通用名称约定俗成一揽子'的早已不再是近亲各种猛禽，并且它被认为阿雷东多的古巴猛禽实际上更类似于buteogallus，四几次（五）中美洲和南美洲buteonine鹰派有时也被称为蟹吃，或红鹰，或黑色鹰派。 尔森和希尔加特纳（1982），则建议答 borrasi可能属于titanohierax，在1937年命名为亚历山大韦特莫尔的物种titanohierax gloveralleni（上，在一分钟多一属）。 答 ： borrasi因此被称为titanohierax在近文学borrasi（例如，奥尔森和希尔加特纳1982年，米尔贝格＆tyrberg 1993年，阿尔科韦尔＆麦克明1994）。
而，大新闻是，在这个类群的新文件刚刚出现（苏亚雷斯和奥尔森2007年），它认为.... 答 borrasi不仅是类似buteogallus，这是一个buteogallus，尽管是约三分之一，比最大的生物物种大巨大的物种，大黑鹰乙 urubitinga [相邻图像所示]。buteogallus是由于各种原因有趣的猛禽（勒纳与敏德尔2005年，多阿马拉尔等 。2006年），我会回来的它。 果buteogallus borrasi，因为它现在已经知道，基本上是一个大黑鹰巨人版本，大概住在一个类似的方式：1疲软，飙升鹰红树林和林密，关于甲壳类，蜥蜴和昆虫，捕食大型河流栖息地。
在巴哈曼钛鹰
titanohierax gloveralleni，在titanohierax模式种（有时称为巴哈曼钛鹰），最初于1937年被命名为亚历山大韦特莫尔从更新世沉积的小埃克苏马岛在巴哈马（小埃克苏马岛和大埃克苏马零碎标本东北中部古巴，安德罗斯岛西部和南部的新普罗维登斯和伊鲁萨拉岛）。 充材料后来报称新普罗维登斯的奥尔森和希尔加特纳（1982）。 burness 等 。 （2001年）估计了巴哈曼钛质量为7.3公斤，这将使其在规模最大的类似生活鹰鹰，菲律宾鹰食猿雕和哈比鹰harpia harpyja，根据一些测量无论如何（8上部重量或9公斤给出这两个物种的雌性，但数据差，这些数字可能是例外）。
星点点提到属titanohierax（但不包括该物种吨gloveralleni）已经报告了伊斯帕尼奥拉岛和大开曼岛的地方，就是与这些大型猛禽，显然在整个西印度群岛广泛的影响。 是，现在一些物质原先被认为属于titanohierax现在认为的预付buteogallus，这些标本的一些可能需要reidentification。 么是 t类猛禽 gloveralleni？ 尔森和希尔加特纳（1982）指出，这可能是特别密切相关geranoaetus鹞 ，黑胸鹫鹰[在图像上面显示]。 果这是正确的，然后吨 gloveralleni将是另一个在靠近buteonine密切的亲缘buteogallus和其他秃鹰等猛禽（勒纳与敏德尔2005年）。
神秘吨以上 gloveralleni是古巴巨头鹰gigantohierax suarezi阿雷东多和阿雷东多，2002年（文件，第一个命名该物种的日期是1999年，但直到2002年出版）。 不说这是大和古巴特有的，没有太大的了解还。 式标本是一个特别大，气化强烈左侧股骨（阿雷东多和阿雷东多2002年），但材料的预付这个物种现在已经报告了三个洞穴遗址。 确定性仍然是对gigantohierax的亲和力，虽然它很可能是另一个buteonine。
伍德沃德'鹰'
近发现的最大型猛禽西印度是amplibuteo woodwardi（有时被称为伍德沃德老鹰），但它不是一个新的名字命名。amplibuteo最初是为a所述种物种 更新世塔拉拉焦油渗漏秘鲁hibbardi，并在同一份文件也有人认为，morphnus从牧场拉布雷亚woodwardi，最早描述了1911年，也应作为一个amplibuteo物种鉴定。 近，amplibuteo据报道，从佛罗里达州和亚利桑那州的上新世，它仍然居住在佛罗里达更新世。 属的成员，因此，似乎已经在北美很普遍。 实上，承认答 ： 古巴woodwardi（苏亚雷斯2004年）表明，它跨越从北美大陆大安的列斯群岛，并可能等待比古巴岛屿上的其他发现[相邻图取自这里和标签为伍德沃德的一个老鹰，因此，我的在这里使用。 而，它是贴错了标签，并在面对梅里亚姆的teratorn teratornis merriami的。 使这多亏我注意草案云仙]。
答：woodwardi可能是类似大小buteogallus borrasi和titanohierax gloveralleni（即大），但它显然是从乙不同 borrasi至少是一个半鸟的栖息地干旱草原，在那里大概捕食更小的爬行动物和哺乳动物为主。 于已知的完整骨骼，应该准确的数据推断出它的大小和翼展，但如果这些数据存在我还没有看到它。 amplibuteo有什么样子的时候还活着？ 他们对新上新世种 a.描述 concordatus（来自佛罗里达州和亚利桑那州），埃姆斯利＆恰普莱夫斯基（1999）建议amplibuteo可能与harpyhaliaetus同类，现存的新热带孤独老鹰。 个孤独的鹰种广泛翅，很短的尾，深灰色或枕骨嵴呈黑色老鹰。 们大声喧哗，常常吃蛇，孤独和冠鹰（ 每小时锈病 ）在某些帐目说是部分晨昏和狩猎臭鼬，这使得它很有趣，至少可以说。 将是非常整齐，如果答 woodwardi当时都喜欢这一点。 果埃姆斯利＆恰普莱夫斯基（1999年）是正确的关于amplibuteo贴近harpyhaliaetus，然后-再次-这些猛禽是buteonines [列出了单独的图像冠鹰每小时 冠海马 ]。
么，所有这些大buteonines，西印度鸟类证明真的很有趣。 请记住，加勒比地区的史前动物猛禽大大超过此：大西印度buteonines共同生活在小buteonines（包括真正的秃鹰），鹰，鱼鹰，真正的猎鹰，caracaras，谷仓猫头鹰，挖洞猫头鹰，猫头鹰其他各种不同的灭绝（其中有些是非常大的，要么很差flighted或飞），新世界兀鹰，teratorns同时（虽然这些团体的成员并不一定都在同一岛上居民）。 们现在在哪里？ 因如此，他们当中的许多人成为灭绝仍然相对得到研究，但很可能推定猎物物种的丧失-啮齿动物的各种地面和其他哺乳动物，例如-在它们的下降的主要因素。 他因素也参与，但我不是现在讨论这些问题。
后-这是另一个'做'列举了名单。 要大熊猫，phytosaurs，astrapotheres，rhynchosaurs，pyrotheres，giraffids，皮尔当，amphisbaenians，beluwhals，palaeophiids，meiolaniids，去人化，跖行，龟，戴菊， 始暴龙和... 物鸽子去。 我的，我会做所有的明天。 啊。
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雷东多，澳1976年。 大的猛禽古巴更新世。 史密森捐款古生物学 27，169-187。
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尔曼，第1973。 西莱沃格尔后宫neogen报halbinsel加尔加诺（意大利）。 斯立地质 17，1-75。
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bunce，米，szulkin，米，雷纳，抗热，巴恩斯，一，夏皮罗，二，库珀，答：holdaway，注册护士2005。 代dna提供到新西兰灭绝的巨型雕的进化史。 科学图书馆生物学 3（1），e9新的见解。
burness，大奖赛，钻石，吉弗兰纳里，2001吨。 龙，龙，相形见绌：身体的最大规模的演变。 中国科学院 98，14518-14523 国家科学院学报 。
阿马拉尔楼，米勒，米，西尔韦拉，湖，伯明翰，大肠杆菌及wajntal，a. 2006年。 polyphyly的鹰属leucopternis和buteogallus（鸟类，鹰科）：在新热带buteonine多样化。 医学委员会进化生物学 6日，10日期：10.1186/1471-2148-6-10多栖息地的变化
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纳，抗热和敏德尔，民主党2005年。 发展历程，旧世界秃鹰，鹰和其他基于核和线粒体dna。 分子系统学和进化 37，327-346。
尔贝格，体育和tyrberg，1993吨。 真鸟类和崇高的野蛮人-一个人的审查造成的岛屿鸟类史前物种灭绝。ecography 16，229-250。
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- 。 奥尔森，可溶性2007。 巴化石鹰雕borrasi阿雷东多：1比例增加大黑版鹰buteogallus urubitinga（蛤）。 猛禽研究杂志 41，288-298。
2012-2-5 6:55:19
论
best hurry up darren. it is already 8pm here, so only 4 hours until tomorrow kicks in and just the 17 articles to get done.... ;-)
posted by: dave hone | january 28, 2008 6:57 am
can you add giant owls to your list of things to talk about?
posted by: ian | january 28, 2008 7:04 am
cool creatures!
it's sad that nobody did biomechanic studies how these eagles hunted their prey.
btw, hawaiian sea eagle story is interesting. subfossil bones unrecognizable from white-tailed/bald eagle were found. recently, vagrant bald eagle turned up in hawaii, trying to restart evolution again.
posted by: jerzy | january 28, 2008 9:04 am
multituberculates!multituberculates dammit!
posted by: raymond | january 28, 2008 9:54 am
常有趣的帖子！
since the usual generic classification of the "booted eagle" (aquila/hieraaetus/spizaetus etc.) clade seems to have so little to do with their actual phylogeny, i think it would be best to unite them all into aquila, as has been done already in the newest edition of the "kompendium der v gel mitteleuropas". (one spelling correction: it's aquila heliaca.)
"tyto gigantea was described by ballman (1973) as similar in size to a snowy owl bubo scandiaca while t. gigantea was even larger than a eurasian eagle owl b. bubo"
i think the first one should be t. robusta.
you've understood ballmann's description correctly, it indeed only says that tyto gigantea was larger than bubo bubo, not twice as large. it includes a table with measurements compared to t. alba guttata, and i took the length of the holotypical tibiotarsus, assumed the same proportions as tyto alba, and got a length of about 75 cm for t. gigantea. much less than twice the size of bubo bubo.
here is a list of fossil owls, with pdfs of all thed original descriptions:
http://nrm.museum/ve/birds/sape/globalowlproject/fossil_owls/fossil.html
lerner & mindell find that harpyhaliaetus is actually nested inside buteogallus, which would mean that it (and amplibuteo too, if it's really related) should also be included in buteogallus.
posted by: lars dietz | january 28, 2008 10:36 am
barn owls bigger than, potentially even *twice* as big as, eagle owls? ：ø
you've got me thinking about cryptids like mothman and owlman now...
where does the figure of 2.6m wingspan for haast's eagle come from? that seems kind of small for a 13kg raptor to me, given that my field guide to european birds says that living species of both haliaeetus and aquila can get that big in wingspan, and they weigh under half as much...
didn't new zealand also have a giant harrier?
anyway, awesome stuff as usual. i'm eagerly awaiting the monster pigeons...
布者： 湿婆 | 2008年1月28日上午10时46分
雕鸮放大严重可怕的。
斯特的老鹰了很短的翅膀，必须有飞行速度非常快，按影响杀害。
temnospondyls。
布者：大卫marjanovi？ | 2008年1月28日日上午11:50
是惊人的，因此这些大型猛禽许多住得最近，可能正与探险的第一人接触，但他们并不高，作为哺乳动物巨型动物（除了哈斯特的老鹰文件）。
布者：海〜任| 2008年1月28日日下午12:08
人化？
是对弗洛里斯人 ？
布者： 麦克基西 | 2008年1月28日日下午12:59
只要大熊猫，phytosaurs，astrapotheres，rhynchosaurs，pyrotheres，giraffids，皮尔当，amphisbaenians，beluwhals，palaeophiids，meiolaniids，去人化，跖行，龟，戴菊，始暴龙和... 怪物鸽子去。
yay！ 表返回的承诺。 已经有一段时间。
将第二次temnospondyls大卫，并建议microsaurs和所有已在同一时间或作为潜在的祖先现存amphibs另一建议基底四足动物的其他群体。 实上，对两栖类的起源一系列的职位将是很好。
外，在动物睡眠的自然历史，有些员额将岩石非常辛苦。
知道，你在业余时间荧光棒。 :-)
布者： 博士矢量 | 2008年1月28日日下午01:52
人敬畏的文章。 爱鹰和鹰派。 然在美国圣迭戈动物园，我看见了在其头部羽毛夸大塔夫斯巨头鹰（不记得... ...的名字）。 论如何，是巨大的吸盘，我毫不怀疑，如果它想，是鹰，就可以杀死我。 很尊重的动物，可以杀了我。
布者： 扎克米勒 | 2008年1月28日下午2点07分
常感谢一如既往地向所有的意见。 ，是的，更多的temnospondyls。 lepospondyls和lysorophians，四足动物的睡眠行为，汇款交易业务... 大猫头鹰。 jeeeee，技能提升计划。 可以看到，为什么我不再做'即将'的事情。
别感谢拉斯指出梼的错误。 hieraaetus，鹰等，你见过...
林，大肠杆菌，夸勒于，光，gjershaug，j.-o.，沟，北部＆gamauf，答：2007年。 同进化和paraphyly的鹰，属鹰 （鸟类，鹰科） -关于mictochondrial标记的系统发育分析。 在动物学分类与进化研究 45，353-365 杂志鹰。
项研究并没有明确了hieraaetus + 阿奎拉混乱，但没有显示，在所有这些熊鹰以前在鹰在内，只有卡森鹰号 利加努斯是hieraaetus部分+ 雕分支，因此应被命名为雕africana。 去一个由michael bunce，顺便提一句，聊天，但得出的结论是hieraaetus和 aquila或许应该视为是一个属。
buteogallus及其paraphyly相对于其他buteonines，我特意避开这个问题，因为我知道这会涉及冗长的讨论多阿马拉尔等 。 （2006年：参考以上）。 时候，我只是要避免谈论特定区域，否则我不会把工作做好。
婆：关于按比例达到哈斯特的鹰翼展-正如大卫说，这是一个圆翼，森林鸟，看到值得＆holdaway对整个故事书。 否有一个巨大的新西兰鹞？ 有，请查看一看到我的文章在这里 。
人化：考虑到不会弗洛里斯人 ，但每小时 智人 。 对这一课题的研究已经减速与文学的问题。 一天。
克：有几个大，是艰巨的，不少造成严重损害的人能够冠鹫。 我直言，是最酷的非洲冠鹰stephanoaetus锈病 ：他们在圣地亚哥这些，事实上是世界上第一个动物园繁殖的物种，我觉得。 地亚哥动物园也有哈比鹰harpia harpyja（事实上圣地亚哥是美国第一动物园繁殖的物种）。 我所知，没有人有记载的人类死亡1哈比造成的;一个非洲冠，但是，打死了一名8岁的孩子正接受。
于真正的大雕和能力有兴趣的人士，请雕'在搜索框中到春节动物园版本1，把'。
布者： 达伦奈什 | 2008年1月28日日下午03:52
“你明白ballmann的描述正确的，它其实只是说，草鸮属大于巨雕，而不是两倍。”
了避免混淆，用“长”和“重”永远记住和贝格曼的统治。 大的加尔加诺个人* *只可能有两倍于短小_bubo沉重bubo_。 有其他条件相同，但大概不会，因为作为沃朗谷仓猫头鹰他们，他们可能是一个多一点细长雕鸮。
“我不是新西兰也有一个巨大的屏障？”
_circus eylesi_，女性被老鹰大小（虽然不是一样大的黄金或_haliaeetus_）。
“哪里的2.6米的哈斯特的鹰翼展数字从何而来？这似乎是一种小型猛禽为13公斤，我，因为我的图鉴说，欧洲的鸟类都白尾海雕和生物物种可以在大翼展，他们的重量在过去的一半...“
：
拉思韦特，卫生署（1992年）：重量票据，飞行能力，栖息地和哈斯特的鹰猎物（harpagornis蛾）。 notornis 39（4）：239-247。http://www.notornis.org.nz/free_issues/notornis_39-1992/notornis_39_4_239.pdf
为从主干骨架的地步，推断狩猎技能，哈斯特的鹰几乎肯定是很短翅其大小，但可能是决定性的大尾。
别是_haliaeetus_有相当细长的翅膀。 起来非常像一个真正的秃鹫（旧世界减去lammergeier和埃及）。 好像他们在手腕关节炎和他们不能弯曲。
于哈斯特的鹰，更可以说，当然。 是否吃婴儿？ 许，如果能得到他们。 道好，营养丰富，不张贴的斗争的，虽然没有硬（即汤恩儿童等）的证明。 便是大人人类本来正确*高*，虽然不是形状。 埋藏学和恐鸟骨骼，哈斯特的鹰induries或者窃取恐鸟的头部-为每铂我-或在其骨盆taloned陷入鸟完美。
想明白这鸟，一会看到一个与周围的角质鞘爪大纲，其跖骨，和老虎的爪子和一个人的手来比较。 （有一种至少4我认为2照片。）
可以击穿莫阿pelves的骨髓，而单是经常足以杀死任何鸟类或哺乳动物。
as the remains under former roosing/nesting sites show, it hunted everything that it considered it worth hunting, as it pleased. (as in "that does a tiger taloned giant eagle do?")
about the maori folk tales - these can be resolved. there are 2 sets of names connected with giant eale-like birds. one (poua, pouakai, ...) refers to this bird, and apparently was later transferred to the chathams swan by the moriori.
the other (hokioi, hakawai, ...) refer indeed to _coenocorypha_ spp., which happen to be among the smallest non-passerines of nz. they are simply very loud during their mating flights. in hindsight, it is pretty obvious if you read the tales word by word.
whatever walked into von haast's tent, it is unlikely to have been any diurnal raptor.
the douglas record - *tantalizing*. i have not seen the original. but the area used by a mvp would be too large for this being the only report i think. _circus eylesi_ makes a better candidate for likely survival; from what i have seen it was also not a very prominent bird in maori lore, as birds go.
posted by: eike | january 28, 2008 5:43 pm
darren, how about just a few decent google search terms so i can find out more about giant, extinct, flightless owls on my own? just a genus or two to get me past all the junk links out there.
i tried googling "extinct owls," and the only decent hits were for laughing owls, which were apparently normal-sized, flying-type owls.
posted by: hp | january 28, 2008 6:03 pm
in 2007 a white-tailed eagle (haliaeetus albicilla) was noted in the hawaiian islands (see north american birds vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 349-350). so two haliaeetus species have been recorded recently from the hawaiian islands.
posted by: smilodon | january 28, 2008 6:26 pm
"and on buteogallus and its paraphyly with respect to other buteonines, i deliberately avoided this because i knew it would involve a lengthy discussion of do amaral et al. (2006: ref above). sometimes i simply have to avoid discussing a specific area, otherwise i won't get the job done."
in a nutshell: both borras' and woodward's "eagles" are more likely to have been eumelanin-heavy (grey/black) than phaeomelanin-heavy (ruddy, sandy, brown...). it is very, very likely that their tail bases were black, followed distally by a wide white band, followed by an equally black band, followed by a small white band at the tips. and if they had a dark/light belly pattern, it almost certainly was fine horizontal barring. on the other hand, they are very unlikely to have had a crest. perhaps a hypotrophied tuft.
apart from that, do amaral et al. (2006) didn't include _b. aequinoctialis_, which (as they point out) makes any further taxonomic considerations significant to this article a moot point for the time being. one might as well look at the tail banding pattern and get as much phylogenetic signal from that as one can get without a mobio lab.
posted by: eike | january 28, 2008 7:14 pm
hp: try
ornimegalonyx
"giant barn owl"
giant tyto
tyto caribbean
(the last is not so good)
posted by: eike | january 28, 2008 7:17 pm
后！
i have handled some of the hawk eagles and would easily accept a merging of hieiratus and aquila. spizaetus are quite different in aspect and tend to be more accipiter- like; also often prominently crested theough that is probably a pretty plastic feature.
crowned eagles are scarier than tigers-- you feel like prey when they look at you.
pigeons please!
posted by: steve bodio | january 28, 2008 7:38 pm
"i have handled some of the hawk eagles and would easily accept a merging of hieiratus and aquila."
3 of _hieraaetus_ sl - the not-so-small african, ayre's and new guinean hawk-eagles - are distant and distinct enough to warrant generic separation (just because a situation is unresolved, wastebin taxa like an uber-_aquila_ should not be created lightly i think). these don't include the type species. mess ensues. as per do amaral et al:
"we do not propose nomenclatural modifications,
since only a complete buteonine analysis would permit
such taxonomic changes."
i can only agree, except that sinking _harpyhaliaetus_ (and _amplibuteo_) in _buteogallus_ is probably warranted. as per hbw, 3 of the 2 "_leucopternis_" closer to _buteogallus_/_harpyhaliaetus_ than to anything else were once placed in the former genus. and as for the solitary eagles - they are very much light-colored inland black hawks on steroids. so nothing really unexpected here.
their data on "_leucopternis" lacernulatus_ is worthy of a very serious discussion though, i'd guess. including a certain aspect that is *not* mentioned in the study. or not explicitly? specimen lgema f39 is... 趣的。
(as opposed to a certain other recent dna sequence study with profound taxonomic implications, they give their specimen numbers. atta boys.)
posted by: eike | january 28, 2008 8:42 pm
there's a photograph of a skeletal claw of haast's eagle on wikipedia -- see this photograph . the length of the three phalanges of the middle claw is very nearly 10 cm, which by coincidence happens to be the same as the length of the three phalanges of my middle finger. now, the eagle has that nasty extra claw at the end, which would have been covered in a larger sheath in life; still, it seems that a large human being -- say, a professional basketball player -- has hands roughly the size as the feet of a haast's eagle.
in other words, the eagle was perhaps the equivalent of shaquille o'neil wearing freddy krueger's gloves. actually, when i put it that way, it does sound pretty fearsome....
posted by: michael richmond | january 28, 2008 10:13 pm
"(sometimes called the woodward eagle: skeleton shown in adjacent pic)"
the adjacent photo is actually the skeleton of a merriam's teratorn (teratornis merriami) at la brea. it appears it was a mislabled pic from the photo essay on laist.com.
posted by: bill unzen | january 29, 2008 2:41 am
呀... i meant white-tailed eagle. ：（
what walked into haast's tent (except cute maori girls, of course)?
posted by: jerzy | january 29, 2008 5:40 am
dammit, i knew it. i'll add a note. i figured that something wasn't right because the bird shown above looks nothing like the complete woodward eagle skeleton figured in feduccia's 1996 the origin and evolution of birds .
posted by: darren naish | january 29, 2008 5:45 am
this topic reminds me of the steller's sea eagles in diergaarde blijdorp, the zoo of rotterdam. those two birds are simply huge from a distance and highly intimidating at short range. by the way, a zookeeper told me how a colleague of his once fell while in their aviary and could only avoid being hurt by the eagles bursting down from their perches by some of his fellow zookeepers standing over him with brooms. apparently, the birds consider creatures in vulnerable positions highly attractive, even if they are big mammals such as humans.
i'd also like to mention that errol fuller's 'extinct birds' mentions how owen was told about that first moa bone he received, that it belonged to a giant eagle called 'movie'. perhaps this was another name used for haast's eagle by the maori...or perhaps the harrier.
posted by: brian | january 29, 2008 8:53 am
i didn't know about the do amaral et al. and haring et al. 件。 i've looked them up now, so thanks for pointing them out! i had no idea that buteonine phylogeny was such a mess, and a complete analysis of buteonines will obviously lead to a lot of renaming. either several old generic names have to be resurrected and maybe even new ones created, or everything could be lumped into buteo (probably a bad idea). however, i agree that before we have a complete analysis, a radical renaming wouldn't make sense.
i can't wait for the giant pigeons, and the pyrotheres and astrapotheres!
posted by: lars dietz | january 29, 2008 11:13 am
giant pigeons, giant owls, grallistrix please...
actually, according to falconers, birds of prey are rather dumb and instinct-driven creatures. so a hungry goshawk excited by sight of prey can attack it's owner. so i suppose giant eagles attacked people with little regard to success.
posted by: jerzy | january 29, 2008 11:58 am
perhaps you should do an entry on washington's eagle. imagine, a cryptid raptor that john james audubon himself painted, allegedly from a specimen.
image of the painting here .
interesting discussion of washington's eagle here .
posted by: sinuous_tanystropheus | january 29, 2008 12:19 pm
atholl anderson in a discussion of the original name for moa concluded the "movie" was a corruption of the maori name for the north island, te ika a maui, where the first specimen was collected.
anderson, atholl j. 1987. the first-recorded name for moa. journal of the royal society of new zealand 17, no. 4: 421-422.
by the way, the name for the giant new zealand harrier seems to be circus teauteensis now, according to tennyson and martinson's extinct birds of new zealand (te papa press, 2006). this is a lovely book of paintings, pretty scientifically up-to-date (in one case perhaps anticipating any actual peer-reviewed publication i've seen, but i'll have to check that). so in some repects worthy and holdaway is no longer the best reference for nz extinct birds.
here a painting of the harrier from the museum's collection, also used in the book:
posted by: mike | january 29, 2008 1:40 pm
washington's eagle? the "cryptid" scenario requires special creation to work, essentially. it is about as impossible as it gets if one assumes that what darwin and wallace wrote has some basis in fact.
the possibility that the single individual studied in detail was developmentally somewhat aberrant needs to be falsified before it can be discarded - and with n=1, that's tough...
can bald eagles of our time be validly compared to the bald eagle of audubon? mengel's 1953 paper for example was done when the northern be population was right in the bottleneck; there is no way to tell if his measurements are representative of the population nearly 150 years earlier. and if greedier bald eagles are bigger bald eagles and also more "pesty" bald eagles (seems reasonable enough), odds are they are not.
the most parsimonious scenario is still that _falco washingtonii_ were juvenile or young mature bald eagles with (partially) delayed maturation, and that such large birds are not found today because a) wild-grown northern bald eagles are simply not taken in hand (dead or alive) and measured anymore in such numbers and b) a scenario with at least *some* directional selection towards lower size would also need to be falsified first.
look at _haliaeetus pelagicus niger_. note the differences to this case. if in doubt, use a map.
has any progress been made on genotyping the liverpool dove?
posted by: eike | january 29, 2008 3:06 pm
"this is a lovely book of paintings"
实。
"atholl anderson in a discussion of the original name for moa concluded the "movie" was a corruption of the maori name for the north island, te ika a maui, where the first specimen was collected."
起来不错。 especially the "norman-french" thing makes it look legitimate. 19th century anthropological writings of nz are rich with crackpot beliefs trying to construct an alternate reality in which certain polynesian peoples were some sort of noble savage version of the lost tribe of the israelites.
"'a nalo i ke nalo a ke moa-nalo nalo." ;-)
posted by: eike | january 29, 2008 3:35 pm
thanks for the info on the harrier and the wing loading of harpagornis . sounds like it might have had a wing shape and flying style somewhat similar to a large accipiter ?
(it's kind of odd that the same species was referred first to accipiter and then to circus , as the former is among the proportionally shortest-winged, and the latter the proportionally longest-winged, of all raptors...)
haliaeetus pelagicus is imo probably the most magnificent bird alive. i've seen a h. albicilla in flight, and that was breathtaking enough, but would absolutely love to see a pelagicus . will probably never be able to afford to go to anywhere in its range, alas...
with regard to washington's eagle, i think it is plausible that it might have been one of the last of a now-extinct species of haliaeetus (especially with some of the stuff audubon wrote about it being known as having different hunting and nesting habits from h. leucocephalus ), but i wonder if anyone has considered the possibility of it being a leucocephalus x albicilla, leucocephalus x pelagicus , or even albicilla x pelagicus hybrid - perhaps with hybrid vigour to account for the size? in audubon's painting, the lighter bit on the wing is kind of reminiscent of a steller's wing markings...
posted by: shiva | january 29, 2008 7:51 pm
ah, raptors, one of my favorite subjects!
thanks, darren, for putting this together. some scattered thoughts and ramblings:
-one interesting note regarding haast's eagle is that it may have been able to afford a higher than average wing loading as a result of not needing to carry off prey. this would help to increase flight speed. of course, just being big helps in that regard.
-with regards to the giant island owls, storrs olson and i were discussing them a while back, and the claim that they were poor flyers or flightless is likely to be incorrect (though it is certainly suggested in the literature, so that's not on darren's shoulders). essentially, it seems that this idea came from noting the very small sterna of the giant owls. what was missed is that owls quite often have small sterna with low pectoralis fractions, while still maintaining strong flight ability. some species have lower flight muscle fractions than albatrosses.
tyto ostologa can also be added to the giant tytonid owls list. it was about the size of a mid-range bubo species (like a great horned owl), which isn't shabby for a barn owl. the species was endemic to haiti in the pleistocene.
-with regards to the slender and long wings of haliaeetus: a good observation, and a property that is, in part, simply a product of being large. humeral strength scales with negative allometry in nearly all bird groups (there is one major exception; readers can ponder what it is). the negative allometry is not as strong in raptors as in other birds (ie large raptors are not as gracile as other large birds), but the trend is still there. essentially, it seems that large birds get a gait-mediation advantage that reduces relative mechanical load.
jerzy: i also think it is sad that nobody has done biomechanical studies of how these eagles hunted their prey. i hope to fill in some of that work in the future. perhaps i'll bribe darren into posting something on it if i get it published.
杯，
--mike
posted by: mike habib | january 29, 2008 10:50 pm
is this an update of gill and martinson's new zealand's extinct birds of 1991?
circus teauteensis and c. hamiltoni both pre-date c. eylesi , but worthy and holdaway effectively dismissed both as nomina nuda . both were named in exceedingly brief descriptions. there's also the complicating possibility that there might have been more than one species of circus in new zealand.
posted by: christopher taylor | january 30, 2008 2:18 am
eike-
the second link addresses a lot of the proposed known candidates for washington's eagle, including haliaeetus pelagicus niger. one of the main items that would seem to rule out stellar's and bald eagles is the black beak.
shiva-
i guess hybridization could be a possibility. does anyone know if eagle hybrids have been documented? note that there are various reports of washington's eagle outside those surrounding the collection of the specimen audubon observed, from different time periods and geographic areas.
posted by: sinuous_tanystropheus | january 30, 2008 4:38 am
> i can find out more about giant, extinct, flightless owls on my own?
the giant barn owls from gargano were actually flying owls. this is quite frightening, especially if you remember that they lived roughly at the same time and place as *oreopithecus*, so they might have considered a bipedal primate legitimate prey...
this said, the sophiornithidae from the palaeogene of europe are thought to be primitive owls, and some - if not all of them - were flightless and might have looked and behaved somewhat like primitive phorusrhacids. they were, however, not exactly gigantic (about the size of a chicken).
posted by: johannes | january 30, 2008 5:36 am
having now directly checked worthy and holdaway (2002) on what they said about the new zealand extinct circus :
(1) forbes (1892) coined the names circus hamiltoni and c. teauteensis , probably for material from te aute in the north island of new zealand, but did not cite specific specimens and did not describe the distinguishing features of his species other than to say that they were both larger than the modern c. approximans .
(2) lambrecht (1933) treated both names as nomina nuda , but did mention a tibiotarsus in the british museum collection from te aute. this specimen does have a label identifying it as a syntype of c. teauteensis .
(3) scarlett (1953) named c. eylesi for material from pyramid valley in the south island.
(4) most authors have regarded c. hamiltoni as a nomen nudum , but have differed about c. teauteensis . lambrecht (1933) and oliver (1955) didn't accept it as valid, brodkorb (1964) did. kinsky (1970) regarded c. teauteensis and c. eylesi as separate north and south island species, respectively. worthy and holdaway (2002) used c. eylesi , but noted that restudy of forbes' material could change that.
posted by: christopher taylor | january 30, 2008 6:37 am
nitpicky classics guy sez...
b. scandiacus . nyctea is feminine, but bubo is masculine. (assuming, of course, that the intended etymology is lat. bu^bo^ 'horned owl' and not bubo^ 'i cry like a bittern'.)
congratulations on two great years! now, when you discuss them, please be sure to tell us precisely where pyrotheres and astrapotheres come from ("mommy pyrotheres and astrapotheres" doesn't count)!
posted by: nick | january 30, 2008 9:48 am
nick, type the circumflex first and the letter afterwards, and you'll get bûbô.
eike, did you find that somewhere, or did you just shift a ngaro i te ngaro a te moa across the ocean? (polynesian linguistics must be exceedingly boring.)
posted by: david marjanović | january 30, 2008 10:12 am
jerzy: "dumb and instinct driven" isn't quite right (though it does sound a bit like lorenz's conclusion based on one zoo- damaged imperial eagle he tried to train.)
accipiters in particular are given to reflexive, lightning- fast reactions that seem completely unreflective. but if they actually "attack" a trainer it is over food or dominance. only captive raised birds, which seem to regard humans as conspecifics, do this; wild- caught birds or parent raised domestic, never or very rarely.
other large raptors, like eagles and falcons, seem intelligent and (especially large falcons) as playful as otters.
they can still have these reflexive actions, like the zoo eagles mentioned above. i once saw a tame hunting (golden) eagle sitting peacefully in a friend's yard, but when a pointer pup stumbled outside his pen he instantly hit the end of his leash.
but then, i wouldn't want to fall down in a zoo wolf pen either.
btw i have been a falconer for 45 years and have a goshawk.
posted by: steve bodio | january 30, 2008 10:50 am
"it's kind of odd that the same species was referred first to accipiter and then to circus, as the former is among the proportionally shortest-winged, and the latter the proportionally longest-winged, of all raptors..."
_circus dossenus_ anyone? harriers are also excellent colonizers of oceanic islands (the best among smaller accipitrids iirc), but once there there is a marked tendency to undergo wing length reduction. _accipiter_ seems to have made little expansion beyond continental islands, leaving the bird-eating mid-sized diurnal raptor niche vacant in those places where such a lifestyl3 is really profitable. unfortunately i don't have any wing length data for _c. maillardi_ at hand.
"did you find that somewhere, or did you just shift a ngaro i te ngaro a te moa across the ocean? (polynesian linguistics must be exceedingly boring.)"
hi david! no, of course i shifted it.
"polynesian linguistics must be exceedingly boring."
oh, i don't think so at all. simple rules and a rich oral history. allows it to deduce names of prehistorically extinct birds in a few cases: on tahiti, 2 parrots were distinguished, 'a'a-taevao and 'a'a-maha ("'a'a" is the same word as "kaka", only sound-shifted). "maha" denotes abundance, "taevao" denotes a foreign origin.
and then you have the report of forster or some other early explorer, who mentions that the now-extinct _cyanoramphus zealandicus_ was locally abundant and kept as a pet, but due to its lack of brilliant coloration, the locals imported red feathers of a psittacid from samoa.
hybrid vigor to explain washington's eagle? that would be interesting. i don't know if such cases have been documented. for the observed nesting pair, incidentially (if the id was correct) this would suggest a mixed pair - as per haldane's rule, female bird hybrids are usually sterile, even in lineages where little postzygotic isolation exists such as in anseriformes.
(with _h. p. niger_ i did not imply anny connection to the washington bird, but a comparison: it's almost as mysterious, but what circumstantial evidence we have gives a consistent picture: restricted to a large peninsula, parapatric, sedentary habits, hypermelanism.)
posted by: eike | january 30, 2008 12:56 pm
i tried typing them the way i normally do (alt+0244 and alt+0251) but they came out as scary question-mark things (like the ones you see above), so i figured the other way was safer.
posted by: nick | january 30, 2008 1:41 pm
@steve bodio
how do falcons play?
posted by: jerzy | january 30, 2008 1:58 pm
i was viewing the page in iso-8859-1 while i wrote. 是什么呢？
posted by: david marjanović | january 30, 2008 5:12 pm
jerzy: i don't have 45 years of falconry experience, but i do second steve's comments. i have about 15 years of experience with live raptors in a variety of contexts, and know a number of experienced falconers. while they may sometimes grumble about a stubborn bird, i have never heard one honestly suggest that raptors are unintelligent. they have a strong, reflexive feeding response (as do many mammalian hypercarnivores, especially cats). while large eagles may have attacked humans with a fairly low chance of success, this is not a sign of stupidity. the fact is that a) large eagles can take ridiculously large prey items, so there is chance of success (4 kg golden eagles dispatch 15 kg juv. pronghorns, for example) and b) the cost of failure is low. this second point is quite important. because raptors can fly, the cost of a missed attempt at a larger, non-flying target is minimal (unless it is a strong, well-armed leaper like a good-sized cat, which i note are generally not on the menu). it's a little expended effort, only. the risk of life and limb is greatly reduced relative to that of a terrestrial predator attempting the same feat.
flight makes a tremendous difference.
杯，
--mike
posted by: mike habib | january 30, 2008 7:59 pm
'to my knowledge, no-one has documented a human death caused by a harpy; an african crowned, however, has killed an 8-yr old child.'
it's nothing new coz' these raptors are also opportunistic hunters they will take anything that is available and vulnerable. even the philippine eagle has similar reports taking a subanon baby from the back of his mother. as my father used to tell me when they were still kids, they were not allowed to play outside the field alone in luzon coz a 'balawe'(local name for the eagle) might seize them and take them up in the air. though it's undocumented but things like this in those days (early 1930's) probably hard to documents or the lease of their concern.
probably because small children looks like the shape and size of monkeys which the eagles favorite prey.
posted by: renz | january 31, 2008 3:58 am
nope, that's what i'm using, too. :-(
maybe it's a firefox thing. anyway, we're well beyond the topic at hand...
posted by: nick | january 31, 2008 4:20 am
... sorry for that. raptors are certainly among my favorites.
so how exactly they play? grab something?
posted by: jerzy | january 31, 2008 8:23 am
excellent question, jerzy. i have seen falcons perform complicated acrobatics when not hunting, and also have witnessed captive individuals pounce on pre-killed food in a manner that seems roughly analogous to a domestic cat playing with a toy. falcons are also known to pull some pretty fantastic tricks when flying on a falconer's lure. while this obviously directly links to hunting behavior, it could be seen as similar to the "play" exhibited by domestic predators (dogs and cats) which essentially hunt their toys. anyone else have more examples or something specific?
布者：麦克哈比| 2008年2月1日日上午12:22
i have one good example that links to hunting behavior,
mock attack of a juv philippine eagle.
rs kennedy
(1981c) claimed to have discovered why the species has such long legs, and how it manages to exploit such strictly nocturnal mammals as flying lemurs;
when he observed a young bird fly to a knot-hole in a tree, grasp the rim with its feet, propping on its tail and embracing the trunk with its wings, poke its head briefly into the cavity and then one long leg, only to pull out a toy? in the form of a piece of rotten wood, which it proceeded to dismember.
source: threatened birds of asia. (ecology page 14)
posted by: renz | february 1, 2008 2:30 am
jerzy: sorry to be so long getting back. they play as mike says. also, many, including my current gos, will play with objects like balls or their lures, mock- attacking them or picking them up, flying to a perch, dropping them, and repeating the sequence.
when we raise young birds we leave dog and cat toys with them, and they will toss them around for hours, or pounce and make them squeak. they do not consider them food or try to eat them.
i should add that until they are fledged they live in a plastic child's wading pool on a low table in the house, where they can socialize and bond with humans and dogs.
posted by: steve bodio | february 6, 2008 6:39 pm
谢..
[from darren: hey there! thanks for your message! i deleted the url because you're a spammer aren't you! and you're banned! thanks!]
posted by: muhabbet | march 25, 2009 1:21 pm