用水孔

下面是来自健康与学习，阿卫生部，beuaty，和健身建昌信息-网上杂志：

（进口条） 豆是不是人民的最好的事情。 是很多人知道这一点，只是5-8盎司的豆浆中的大豆异黄酮太多饮食（30克）。 美国农业部的网站列出了128个食品，其中包括素食热狗大豆，鹰嘴豆，豆腐食品的总异黄酮含量。 可以帮助确定你多少大豆包括在您的饮食。 此，素食者，计算你的“大豆摄取”，而不是你的卡路里摄入量。 下链接是我的“酒曲”的网站，这个由甲状腺文章- info.com的，来享受

豆制品是否产生不利影响你的甲状腺？ 甲大豆负面影响的查询

玛丽庄门

来，有没有报纸，杂志或新闻节目中说最近没有特色就大豆食品，大豆/异黄酮补充惊人的健康益处的故事。 豆的推广是一种健康的替代雌激素替代对一些妇女来说，作为一个可能的方式，以减少患乳腺癌的风险，以此来减少更年期症状，作为一个健康的，低对肉类和家禽脂肪蛋白替代。 是，所有的正面报道不提的是，有一个非常现实的-但很忽略-下跌的沉重或长期的大豆产品的使用。

制品增加甲状腺疾病的风险。 这种危险特别大，对大豆配方婴儿。

研究我的书，生活由甲状腺功能减退 ，其中包括大豆产品中的问题，并在深入甲状腺好吧 ，我跟菲兹帕特里克博士，环境科学家和研究植物雌激素谁也进行了深入的研究，对大豆，特别是大豆公式使用。 茨帕特里克医生清楚地表明，大豆制品可对成人和婴幼儿1 detrminental影响。 别是，他坚定地认为，大豆奶粉厂商应该删除异黄酮-即大豆产品的一部分，作为抗甲状腺药物从他们的产品- 。

究人员已经确定了为-，较强的抗甲状腺药物异黄酮采取行动，并抑制甲状腺功能的能力，并造成甲状腺功能低下或恶化。 豆是植物雌激素，因此在身体的行为就像一种激素，所以毫不奇怪，它与甲状腺的荷尔蒙系统相互作用的微妙平衡。 大豆产品的消费也证明引起甲状腺肿，（ 抗甲状腺大豆异黄酮：隔离，表征和行动机制，功业rl，张慧聪，doerge何，全国毒理学研究，杰弗逊，铁72079，美国中心，生化药理学，1997年11月，54:10，1087年至1096年）

黄酮属于类黄酮的化学或生物类黄酮的家庭，被认为是内分泌干扰物 -植物或其他产品，作为激素，扰乱内分泌系统，而且在某些情况下，这涉及到一个中断抗甲状腺的代理。 （粮食小米，例如，含有黄酮类高层次，通常为称为甲状腺功能有问题）。 酮类化合物抑制甲状腺过氧化物酶素（tpo），扰乱正常的甲状腺功能。

1999年3月的天然保健杂志上有一个功能，对大豆报价作者：daniel r. doerge，博士，在美国食品和药物aministration国家毒物学研究中心研究员。 士doerge已研究大豆的抗甲状腺性能，并说：“...我看到服用大豆补充剂或吃大量的豆制品他们推测疾病预防的价值相当大的风险。有一定的潜力与甲状腺的互动。”

个英国的绝经前妇女的研究给予1个月60天的大豆每克蛋白质。 是发现破坏与月经周期为整整3个月后，停止继续饮食中大豆异黄酮的影响。 豆异黄酮也被称为修改生育率和性激素的变化情况。 黄酮已被证明有严重的健康后果-包括不孕症，甲状腺疾病，肝病-在哺乳动物的数量。

茨帕特里克博士认为，甲状腺功能减退的人应避免豆制品，因为“任何城市规划条例将明显抑制工作不要试图纠正甲状腺功能状态的人。” 外，他认为，大豆作为健康食品的最新推广，将导致在甲状腺疾病的增加。

大豆公式的危险

50年代末，它已经知道，大豆公式包含抗甲状腺药物。 儿的
豆配方特别容易受到发展中国家自身免疫性甲状腺疾病暴露一段时间的异黄酮高暴露。 （ 乳房和大豆配方喂养的婴儿早期和儿童自身免疫性甲状腺疾病的流行。堡垒p，摩西ñ;萨诺米;戈德堡ť;兹f儿科，北海岸大学医院，康奈尔大学医学院，曼哈塞特，纽约11030。ĵ时科尔nutr，1990年4月，9时02，164-7）本研究发现，与大豆喂养次数为基础的生命早期配方奶粉的儿童明显高于自身免疫性甲状腺疾病，甲状腺问题几乎增加两倍，这些大豆配方奶喂养的儿童相比，他们的兄弟姐妹和子女的健康无关。 茨帕特里克博士甚至认为，与大豆公式长期喂养抑制城市规划条例，以这样的程度，长期tsh水平升高也能提高甲状腺癌的风险。

有多少正在做美国，使家长了解甲状腺相关的大豆公式，或提醒市民，重大豆消费可能是对甲状腺功能的危险危险。 其他一些国家，远远领先于美国在1996年7月，卫生部发出警告说，植物雌激素大豆中的婴儿奶粉，可能影响婴儿的健康英国部。 一警告是明确的，这表明大豆公式只应考虑在一个健康的专业意见的婴儿。 们表示，谁不能母乳喂养或有过敏谁给其他婴儿配方给予大豆替代品的公式。

什么没有更多的信息可以对这些问题可能是对农业大公司主宰美国的大豆市场的巨大力量的功能。 一点是清楚的，但是。 时，卫生专家，几乎每个电台和国家电视台的健康节目吹捧说这是新千年的奇迹健康食品大豆，美国小儿科医学界需要得到有关这一问题的最多，并开始律师病人就严重影响大豆产品使用可能对甲状腺功能。

大豆是多少安全？

据大豆在线服务，婴幼儿，任何大豆是太多了。 于成年人，只是每天30毫克，是大豆异黄酮的数额发现有一对甲状腺功能的负面影响。 种大豆异黄酮量在短短5-8发现的豆奶，或酱1.5盎司盎司。 需多少酱油太多，看到大豆在线服务的指导网页的信息。


国农业部推出了一个网站，促进了大豆和豆制品使用对健康的益处。 美国农业部的网站列出了128个食品，其中包括素食热狗大豆，鹰嘴豆，豆腐食品的总异黄酮含量。 可以帮助确定你多少大豆包括在您的饮食。

更多信息

到更多关于豆制品资料：

• 大豆在线服务
• 大豆的关切从风湿性疾病，网站

帕索罗布尔斯

• 德拉伊达

• 斯汀希望

• 贝勒

• 嘉玲

• 莫迪麦克奈特

• 斯托罗

• chumeia

• 星

• 比

• 纳

• 佛尔峡谷

• 城堡

• 贝勒

• 酸村

• 世

• 河

• 瓦因斯

• 狼

• 特牧场

• 特葡萄酒

• 达

• j.劳尔 萄酒

• 斯汀

• 卡泰利

• 丁 ＆韦里奇

• 午线

• 夜

• 光石

• 曼

• opolo

• 色峡谷

• 普斯

• 伯特大厅

• 塔

• 材

• 布拉斯河

• 切尔

• 电

• 宾詹姆斯

• 露港

• treana

• 利葡萄酒

• villicana

• 亚罗伯斯

• 马

• 骨

圣巴巴拉

• 雷

• 人

• beckmen

• 兰德

• bridlewood

• 布里亚

• 嘉玲

• 蒂斯

• 斯帕克

• 世

• 利遗产

• 尼

• 桩

• kalyra

• 尼思沃尔克

• 勒

• lincourt

• 夫拉尔

• rusack

• 福德

• 科特

• 带

• 阳石

• zaca梅萨

  
  

帕蒂日是公众假期我的妻子，朋友，我喜欢每年庆祝-因为我们是爱尔兰人。 一种新的城市布里斯托尔农场和我们走在商店检查出来，我们最终放弃尝试牛肉的玉米作为样本，他们的方式提供让客户购买的爱尔兰节日准备的饭菜。 们被出售！ 们最终preordering家人和邻居8餐。 这一天来临时（17次）我们去拿起餐，他们指出，有加热指示，包括 （见下文）。

我们回家后，开始取出容器，我们注意到他们没有塑料和铝作为指示提及。 此，我呼吁布里斯托尔农场。 们提到，他们是老的指示，他们的任务是不够的。 以，我问如果我们放在烤箱的塑料容器。 答是，我们可以。 问如果我们仍放在顶部的铝箔，他们说是的。

么，你可以看到哪里铝箔摸到了熔化的塑料，更遑论一般的崩溃。 烟，烟雾，异味，都有助于推动我们的公寓外的客人。 在，我知道，人们犯错误，显然这些并不是“烤箱安全的”集装箱他们还以为是给我们。 平地说，布里斯托尔农场管理是非常同情，并给了我们一个90美元的全额退款。 过，我必须说的几件事。

首先，我能更好地了解这方面的错误如果它是在拉尔夫的，或vons。 过，布里斯托尔农场法案作为上述这些其他杂货连锁店步骤本身。 了钱，他们最好。 第二方面 ，人们都在缩减这些经济时代，在更高端的业务，这类型需要从客户我们一样，努力使我们的永久游客业务，因此我们的利益开支我们的血汗钱那里。 里斯托尔农场失败庆祝我们每年的家庭（在这两个帐户），一个错误，我们不会再不幸的是布里斯托尔农场。

认为应进一步思考，我的家人将坚持全食。

爸爸乔治

曾在全食足够长的时间，听取了“健康神话”，通常通过浮动客户群有很多。 关健康和产品，这些神话之一是发现了有关塑料水瓶恐慌。 开始在电子邮件中引用的硕士论文由在爱达荷大学的学生。 体， 根据snopes，跑的故事，即使有工作的学生没有同行审查。 们这个神话标记为错误的 。 一个值得，而第读的是。 卡罗尔里斯在我的帕里什，路，质谱题为“瓶装水的神话：从小说分离事实，” 这是在它指出，

为支持的一个瓶装水所释放这在他们的公共健康新闻中心公告声明，对健康的危害有牵连的组织：

短短的录像，乔博士，对脑燃料作者施瓦茨：199思维扩展到日常生活的科学咨询 ，解释了更详细的一些误解：

使作者伊丽莎白罗依特在接受采访时提到，这是一个大比例的神话。 （你可以听到日关于丹尼斯普拉格当她关于她的书bottlemania：采访水如何开始销售 ， 以及为什么我们买它 显示1-22-09这次采访 。 很多更好的理由停止使用水的瓶子比戏法... 甚至似乎深信这一点丹尼斯。） 样，在约翰霍普金斯亲人的坐下罗尔夫海登博士，在环境健康科学院和约翰霍普金斯大学彭博公共卫生学院的中心水与健康系的助理教授。 登博士消除的神话说：“这是一个城市传说。 料中有没有二恶英。 外，冻结实际工作。对化学品的释放“

些是我对这件事的想法。

， 一种新的黑暗时代的图 ：

kegerator提示

我在一个朋友家里 ， 他提到 ， 他的酒桶被扑灭有点太多泡沫。 我们一致认为 ， 部分原因是 ， 这是一个新桶。 不过，我是在较低的防扩散大信徒与微型酿造（15加仑），有8-10防扩散安全倡议是相当的好。 但是，如果你有 ， 你就可以去推荐的14个，后者允许在争取最佳口味一套正确的。 是的，味道也改变压力... 大多数的酒吧你去了一个14或更高的设置。

还有的业余方式开始解决泡沫问题，这里是为使您kegerator附近地区的最好最好的要诀。 对泡沫的最常见原因之一是塔 。 当您或您的客人那里去喝酒 ， 在塔啤酒 ， 啤酒是升温至室温。 当有人去倒了自来水塔 ， 啤酒是温暖的 ， 通常是泡沫的一部分。 这是最简单的方式打击泡沫之一，但需要一点茶清。

〜提示

these cold taps cooled tower dispensers can be found at any of the sites i am going to recommend, they range in price and get pretty expensive. you know your finances better than i so shop with caution. another item to add to your kegerator if you have the money to spend is this little device:

(click on photog to read about it)

this device is good for kegerators as well as the “back yard diddy.” here is a demonstration:

the device is not terribly expensive ($62), and for the person with the kegerator you would want to mount it inside the refrigerated section of the kegerator as to keep the beer in it cold.

~ tip

again, some of these q&a can get very technical, for homor sake i will post a response over at micromatic that made me laugh... keep in mind though that these folks take beer seriously!

问：

回应：

questioner:

回应：

obviously this is more business oriented, but one can see why not paying attention to your math teacher actually hurts you later in life. of course the easiest way one is going to keep foam issues down is to clean your lines ! it may be troublesome, but this is the price one pays for perfection. here is a short q&a from beveragefactory.com that explains the issues:

clean, clean, clean! this is the best possible recipe for a healthy poor. one last item, one of the reacurring problems during my time at a place that sold kegs was the proper hookups for the proper beer (eg, domestic, european, and the like). so some of the guys and i put together a helpful list of proper couplers to pair with the right beer. whether you are having a “dirt-party” or have a nice kegerator tucked away in a corner of your home, this list is most helpful. just click on the thumbnail to enlarge to a helpful size:

i hope this helps all you beer lovers out there -- cheers, papa giorgio.

if anyone here follows the drinking hole , one of my other sites, they know i am a big anti-soy guy. well, here is an article that boosts my theory:

i could have told you this... i see them all the time at whole foods. of course, this may have given me a false sense of mental ability?

myths and truths about soy

starting out

while i have already posted on this topic, i am going to do a more in-depth blog on this matter that will always stay at the top of the other blogs that i will post here. mind you i do not post much at this site in general (as my interests ultimately lie elsewhere), but this topic is one that i believe needs more reflection by those persons who feel that soy is “the way to either replace proteins, vitamin b12, or simply ad to a “healthy” diet.

神话

one of the first myths is that the asian world eats a lot of it. the truth of the matter s quite different than others would have us believe. the average consumption of soy foods in 本 国 is 10 grams (about 2 teaspoons) per day. asians consume soy foods in small amounts as a condiment, and not as a replacement for animal foods .

this is a refutation of what i am constantly told by many – at my work – that al we need to do is look to the asian culture for evidence of health verses quantity of intake. another myth that bugs me is the myth that soy products, even fermented soy products (which are superior to regular soy more common to large production quantities), provide a good source for vitamin b12 in vegetarian/vegan diets. the truth of the matter is that the compound that resembles vitamin b12 in soy cannot be used by the human body; in fact , soy foods cause the body to require more b12.

why do i delineate between fermented soy and modern production methods which differ from the ancient ways of producing soy enriched products? because fermentation neutralizes toxins in soybeans, and are processed in a way that denatures proteins and increases levels of carcinogens. denatured is defined as used here as:

• to cause the tertiary structure of a protein to unfold, as with heat, alkali, or acid, so that some of its original properties, especially its biological activity, are diminished or eliminated.

this is what effectively isn't being done in most of today's modern soy products, speaking here of many of the tofu's and soy milks as well as the many other products.

tempe , miso and nato would be a better choice for soy intake as they are fermented, see the video below for a better explanation than i can give:

greedy corporate soy producers!

this is another thing that baffles me. most of the people that follow these diets tend to be liberal, and many of these liberal person's have a “conspiratorial eye” towards corporations and their greed factor as well as the government aspect, specifically government “funded” by corporations. these people generally do not trust all the products these corporations push, but they say this while not connecting the fact that the soy industry is a huge multi-billion-dollar making conglomerate of corporately owned money making people that will not allow negative news about their products to reach the common man. now obviously i do not adhere to these conspiracy theories as do my more left-leaning counterparts. but for them to believe that only products they don't use are guided by corporate entities is, well, an uneducated supposition. i hear about who funded which study in regards to countering anthropogenic global warming, but this same criteria is not applied to their own “golden calves.”

these industries and corporations have a lot of money invested in as well as to be made by selling their product. so these people are not un-biased in their “marketing of soy products. one customer asked what the problem with adding soy to diets would be, i will explain some of the adverse effects of it, as well as exploding a big myth about something i hear all the time, which is, blaming early puberty on anti-biotic and steroid infused beef. i will argue that as more soy is added to products we will see earlier puberty in females and more erectile dysfunction (ed) in men. not to mention an increase in obesity in children and adults.

childhood obesity, early puberty, erectile dysfunction

there are about 70 more such studies at scientific abstracts of found at: soyon-line.com . too many to list in fact.

dangers of soy

so what are the dangers involved with soy in your diet? 我们看看：

• 大豆植酸水平高，减少钙，镁，铜，铁和锌的吸收。 大豆植酸不是所抵消，一般制备方法，如浸泡，发芽和长期，缓慢的烹制过程。 high phytate diets have caused growth problems in children.
• 大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂的干扰蛋白质的消化，并可能导致胰腺癌的订单。 试验动物含有胰蛋白酶抑制剂大豆造成发育迟缓。
• 豆植物雌激素干扰内分泌功能，并有可能导致不孕和促进成年妇女乳腺癌。
• 豆植物雌激素是强有力的抗甲状腺药物引起甲状腺功能减退，并可能导致甲状腺癌。 幼儿中，豆类配方消费一直与自身免疫性甲状腺疾病。
• 大豆维生素b12类似物不被吸收，并实际上增加了身体对维生素b12的要求。
• 豆食品的维生素d增加身体的要求
• 弱的蛋白质变性，在高温处理，使大豆分离蛋白和植物蛋白质感。
• 处理有毒lysinoalanine形成大豆蛋白的结果和高度致癌的亚硝胺。
• 费谷氨酸或味精是一种有效的神经毒素，是形成于大豆食品加工和增加了许多大豆食品。
• 类食品含有铝具有毒性，对神经系统和肾脏的高水平。

(soy infant formula — birth control pills for babies)

• babies fed soy-based formula have 13,000 to 22,000 times more estrogen compounds in their blood than babies fed milk-based formula.
• infants exclusively fed soy formula receive the estrogenic equivalent of at least five birth control pills per day.
• male infants undergo a “testosterone surge” during the first few months of life, when testosterone levels may be as high as those of an adult male. during this period, baby boys are programmed to express male characteristics after puberty, not only in the development of their sexual organs and other masculine physical traits, but also in setting patterns in the brain characteristic of male behavior.
• pediatricians are noticing greater numbers of boys whose physical maturation is delayed, or does not occur at all, including lack of development of the sexual organs. learning disabilities, especially in male children, have reached epidemic proportions.
• soy infant feeding—which floods the bloodstream with female hormones that inhibit testosterone—cannot be ignored as a possible cause for these tragic developments. in animals, soy feeding indicates that phytoestrogens in soy are powerful endocrine disrupters.
• almost 15 percent of white girls and 50 percent of african-american girls show signs of puberty such as breast development and pubic hair, before the age of eight. some girls are showing sexual development before the age of three. premature development of girls has been linked to the use of soy formula and exposure to environmental estrogens such as pcbs and dde.

i have to go to work but will add to this blog in the near future.

whole soy story: the dark side of america's favorite health food
by kaayla t. daniel
issue 124: may/june 2004

over the past decade, soy foods have become america's favorite health food. newspapers, magazines, and best-selling health writers have proclaimed the "joy of soy" and promoted the belief that soy food is the key to disease prevention and maximum longevity.

the possibility that an inexpensive plant food could prevent heart disease, fight cancer, fan away hot flashes, and build strong bodies in far more than 12 ways is seductive. the truth, unfortunately, is far more complex. soy foods come in a variety of forms, including many heavily processed modern products. even good forms of soy foods must be eaten sparingly-the way they have been eaten traditionally in asia. most important, many respected scientists have issued warnings stating that the possible benefits of eating soy should be weighed against the proven risks. indeed, thousands of studies link soy to malnutrition, digestive distress, immune-system breakdown, thyroid dysfunction, cognitive decline, reproductive disorders and infertility-even cancer and heart disease.

americans rarely hear anything negative about soy. thanks to the shrewd public relations campaigns waged by archer daniels midland (adm), protein technologies international (pti), the american soybean association, and other soy interests, as well as the food and drug administration's (fda) 1999 approval of the health claim that soy protein lowers cholesterol, soy maintains a "healthy" image.

this article is written for parents who need to know the risks of feeding soy formula to infants, or soy milk and other soy foods to growing children. it's designed for prospective mothers and fathers who need to know the links between soy foods, infertility, and birth defects. finally, it will serve anyone considering soy as a preventive for menopausal symptoms, osteoporosis, cancer, heart disease, or other ills.

how much soy do asians really eat?
those who dare to question the benefits of soy tend to receive one stock answer: soy foods couldn't possibly have a downside because asians eat large quantities of soy every day and consequently remain free of most western diseases. in fact, the people of china, japan, and other countries in asia eat very little soy. the soy industry's own figures show that soy consumption in china, indonesia, korea, japan, and taiwan ranges from 9.3 to 36 grams per day.1 that's grams of soy food, not grams of soy protein alone. compare this with a cup of tofu (252 grams) or soy milk (240 grams).2 many americans today think nothing of consuming a cup of tofu, a couple glasses of soy milk, handfuls of soy nuts, soy "energy bars," and veggie burgers. infants on soy formula receive the most of all, both in quantity and in proportion to body weight.

in short, there is no historical precedent for eating the large amounts of soy food now being consumed by infants fed soy formula and vegetarians who favor soy as their main source of protein, or for the large amounts of soy being recommended by dr. andrew weil, dr. christiane northrup, and many other popular health experts.

what's more, the rural poor in china have never seen-let alone feasted on-soy sausages, chili made with textured vegetable protein (tvp), tofu cheesecake, packaged soy milk, soy "energy bars," or other newfangled soy products that have infiltrated the american marketplace.

合适的物品
the ancient chinese honored the soybean with the name "the yellow jewel" but used it as "green manure"-a cover crop plowed under to enrich the soil. soy did not become human food until late in the chou dynasty (1134-246 bc), when the chinese developed a fermentation process to make soybean paste, best known today by its japanese name, miso.3 soy sauce-the natural type sold under the japanese name shoyu-began as the liquid poured off during the production of miso. two other popular fermented soy foods, natto and tempeh, entered the food supply around 1000 ad or later in japan and indonesia, respectively.

tofu came after miso. legend has it that, in 164 bc, lord liu an of huai-nan, china-a renowned alchemist, meditator, and ruler-discovered that a purée of cooked soybeans could be precipitated with nigari (a form of magnesium chloride found in seawater) into solid cakes, called tofu. in japan, as in china, tofu was rarely served as a main course anywhere except in monasteries. its most popular use was-and is-as a few bland little blocks in miso soup or fish stock.

the chinese almost never ate boiled or baked soybeans or cooked with soy flour except in times of famine. modern soy products such as soy protein isolate (spi), tvp, soy-protein concentrate, and other soy-protein products made using high-tech industrial processes, were unknown in asia until after world war ii.4

contrary to popular belief, neither soy milk nor soy infant formula is traditional in asia. soy milk originated as a byproduct of the process of making tofu; the earliest reference to it as a beverage appeared in 1866.5 by the 1920s and 1930s, it was popular in asia as an occasional drink served to the elderly.6-8 the first person to manufacture soy milk in china was actually an american-harry miller, a seventh day adventist physician and missionary.9

the first soy infant formulas in china were developed in the 1930s and have never been widely used.10-14 today, babies in asia are almost always breastfed for at least the first six months, then switched to a dairy-based infant formula. orphans and others who cannot be breastfed by a wet nurse are fed from birth on dairy formulas.15

claims that soybeans have been a major part of the asian diet for more than 3,000 years, or from "time immemorial," are simply not true.

processing matters
soy in the west has been a product of the industrial revolution-an opportunity for technologists to develop cheap meat substitutes, to find clever new ways to hide soy in familiar food products, to formulate soy-based pharmaceuticals, and to develop a renewable, plant-based resource that could replace petroleum-based plastics and fuels.

for years, the soy protein left over from soy-oil extraction went to animals and poultry. now that food scientists have discovered inexpensive ways to improve or disguise the color, flavor, "bite characteristics," and "mouth feel" of soy protein-based products, soy is being aggressively marketed as a "people feed." although the newer refining techniques yield blander, purer soy proteins than the "beany," hard-to-cover-up flavors of the past, the main reason that soy foods now taste and look better is the lavish use of unhealthy additives such as sugar and other sweeteners, salt, artificial flavorings, colors, and monosodium glutamate (msg).

soy now lurks in nearly 60 percent of the foods sold in supermarkets and natural food stores. much of this is "hidden" in products where it wouldn't ordinarily be expected, such as fast-food burgers and bumblebee canned tuna. soy is also a key ingredient in ersatz products with names like soysage, not dogs, fakin bakin, sham ham, and tofurella, which have been named after and made to look like the familiar meat and diary products they are intended to replace.

there's nothing natural about these modern soy protein products. textured soy protein, for example, is made by forcing defatted soy flour through a machine called an extruder under conditions of such extreme heat and pressure that the very structure of the soy protein is changed. production differs little from the extrusion technology used to produce starch-based packing materials, fiber-based industrial products, and plastic toy parts, bowls, and plates.16

the process of making soy protein isolate (spi) begins with defatted soybean meal, which is mixed with a caustic alkaline solution to remove the fiber, then washed in an acid solution to precipitate out the protein. the protein curds are then dipped into another alkaline solution and spray-dried at extremely high temperatures. spi is then often spun into protein fibers using technology borrowed from the textile industry. these refining processes remove "off flavors," "beany" tastes, and some of the worst flatulence-producing components. they improve digestibility, but vitamin, mineral, and protein quality are sacrificed, and levels of carcinogens such as nitrosamines are increased.17-22 spis appear in so many products that consumers would never guess that the federation of american societies for experimental biology (faseb) decreed in 1979 that the only safe use for spis was for sealers for cardboard packages.23

antinutrients and toxins in soy
scientists who have studied the use of soy protein in animal feeds over the years have discovered a number of components in soy that cause poor growth, digestive distress, and other health problems.24-27 to list just a few of these: protease inhibitors interfere with protein digestion and have caused malnutrition, poor growth, digestive distress, and pancreatitis.28 phytates block mineral absorption, causing zinc, iron, and calcium deficiencies.29-34 lectins and saponins have caused leaky gut and other gastrointestinal and immune problems.35-36 oxalates-surprisingly high in soy-may cause problems for people prone to kidney stones and women suffering from vulvodynia, a painful condition marked by burning, stinging, and itching of the external genitalia.37, 38 finally, oligosaccharides give soy its notorious reputation as a gas producer. although these are present in all beans, soy is such a powerful "musical fruit" that the soy industry has identified "the flatulence factor" as a major obstacle that must be overcome for soy to achieve full consumer acceptance.39, 40

apologists for soy dismiss such claims, saying that food processing and home cooking remove most of these antinutrients. in fact, modern processing removes most of them, but not all. the levels of heat and pressure needed to remove all protease inhibitors, for example, severely damage soy protein and make it harder to digest. the trick is to eliminate the most antinutrients while doing the least damage to the soy protein. success varies widely from batch to batch.41-44

for years, the soy industry tried to improve the quality of animal feeds by finding better ways to get rid of these undesirable antinutrients. having failed, they routinely supplement animal feeds heavily with vitamins, minerals, and methionine, a sulfur-containing amino acid that is low in soy. even so, makers of animal chows are still limited in the amount of soy they can add without causing growth and fertility problems. food processors making soy-protein products for people may or may not add these supplements. generally, calcium and vitamin d are added to soy milk so it can compete with dairy products.

today, the soy industry has switched tactics-from trying to remove unwanted antinutrients to trying to convince people that they are actually a good thing. protease inhibitors, saponins, and lectins are being touted as curers of cancer or lowerers of cholesterol, while phytates are being recommended for their ability to remove toxic minerals such as cadmium and excess iron from the body.45-51 although some of these uses look promising, it is important to note that researchers are not achieving these successes using regular soy foods. most take carefully extracted components and administer them in carefully measured and monitored pharmaceutical doses. news headlines to the contrary, there is no reason to think that just eating a lot of soy foods will do the trick.

soy allergens
soy is one of the top eight allergens that cause immediate hypersensitivity reactions such as coughing, sneezing, runny nose, hives, diarrhea, difficulty swallowing, and anaphylactic shock. delayed allergic responses are even more common and occur anywhere from several hours to several days after the food is eaten. these have been linked to sleep disturbances, bedwetting, sinus and ear infections, crankiness, joint paint, chronic fatigue, gastrointestinal woes, and other mysterious symptoms.52, 53

soy allergies are on the rise for three reasons: the growing use of soy infant formula (now 20 to 25 percent of the formula market), the increase in soy-containing foods in grocery stores, the possibility of the greater allergenicity of genetically modified soybeans.54 although severe reactions to soy are rare compared to reactions to peanuts, tree nuts, fish, and shellfish, soy has been underestimated as a cause of food anaphylaxis. recently, after a young girl in sweden suffered an asthma attack and died after eating a hamburger that contained only 2.2 percent soy protein, swedish researchers looked into a possible soybean connection. they concluded that the soy-in-the-hamburger case was not a fluke, and that minute amounts of soy "hidden" in regular food had caused four of the total of five deaths caused by allergic reactions in sweden between 1993 and 1996. of the children who suffered fatal attacks, all had been able to eat soy without any adverse reactions right up until the dinner that caused their deaths.55 according to the swedish ministry of health and social affairs, children at highest risk are those who suffer from peanut allergies and asthma; parents of such children should make every effort to eliminate all soy from their children's diets.56

soy and the thyroid: a pain in the neck
more than 70 years of human, animal, and laboratory studies show that soybeans put the thyroid at risk. the chief culprits are the plant hormones in soy known as phytoestrogens or isoflavones.57-59 the united kingdom's committee on toxicology has identified several populations at special risk: infants on soy formula, vegans who use soy as their principal meat and dairy replacements, and men and women who self-medicate with soy foods and/or isoflavone supplements in an attempt to prevent or reverse menopausal symptoms, cancer, or heart disease.60

infants with congenital hypothyroidism need 18 to 25 percent higher doses of thyroxine drug than usual if they are bottle-fed with soy formula.61 likewise, adults who boost their thyroid with drugs such as synthroid while also eating thyroid-inhibiting foods such as soy put extreme stress on their thyroids. toxicologist michael fitzpatrick, phd, points out that this is the way that researchers induce thyroid cancers in laboratory animals.62

soy and reproduction: breeding discontent
scientists have known since the mid-1940s that phytoestrogens can impair fertility. fertility problems in cows, sheep, rabbits, cheetahs, guinea pigs, birds, and mice have all been reported.63, 64 although scientists discovered only recently that soy lowers testosterone levels,65 tofu has traditionally been used in buddhist monasteries to decrease the libido, and by japanese women to punish straying husbands. humans and animals appear to be the most vulnerable to the effects of soy estrogens prenatally, during infancy and puberty, during pregnancy and lactation, and during the hormonal shifts of menopause. of all these groups, infants on soy formula are at the highest risk because of their small size and developmental phase, and because formula is their main source of nutrient.66, 67

a crucial time for the programming of the human reproduction system is right after birth-the very time when bottles of soy formula are given to many non-breastfed babies. normally during this period, the body surges with natural estrogens, testosterones, and other hormones that are meant to program the baby's reproductive development from infancy through puberty and into adulthood. for infants on soy formula, this programming may be interrupted.68-70

male infants experience a testosterone surge during the first few months of life and produce androgens in amounts equal to those of adult men. so much testosterone at such a tender age is needed to program the body for puberty, the time when a male's sex organs should develop and he should begin to express male characteristics such as facial and pubic hair and a deep voice. if receptor sites intended for the hormone testosterone are occupied by soy estrogens, however, appropriate development may never take place.71-74 to date, most of the evidence damning soy formula can be found only in animal studies, because investigations in which humans' sex hormone levels are lowered experimentally cannot ethically be done. however, in the years since soy formula has been in the marketplace, parents and pediatricians have reported growing numbers of boys whose physical maturation is either delayed or does not occur at all. breasts, underdeveloped gonads, undescended testicles (cryptorchidism), and steroid insufficiencies are increasingly common. sperm counts are also falling.75-79

soy formula is bad news for girls as well. natural estrogen levels approximately double during the first month of life, then decline and remain at low levels until puberty. with increased estrogens in the environment in the diet, an alarming number of girls are entering puberty much earlier than normal.80-82 one percent of girls now show signs of puberty, such as breast development or pubic hair, before the age of three. by the age of eight, 14.7 percent of caucasian girls and 48.3 percent of african american girls had one or both of these characteristics.83 the fact that blacks experience earlier puberties than whites is not a racial difference but a recent phenomenon.84, 85

most experts blame this epidemic of "precocious puberty" on environmental estrogens from plastics, pesticides, commercial meats, etc., but some pediatric endocrinologists believe that soy is a contributor.86 of all the estrogens found in the environment, soy is the likeliest explanation of why african american girls reach puberty so quickly. since its establishment in 1974, the federal government's women, infants and children (wic) program has provided free infant formula to teenage and other low-income mothers while failing to encourage breastfeeding. because of perceived or real lactose intolerance, black babies are much more likely to receive soy formula than caucasian babies.

early maturation in girls heralds reproductive problems later in life, including amenorrhea (failure to menstruate), anovulatory cycles (cycles in which no egg is released), impaired follicular development (follicles failing to mature and develop into healthy eggs), erratic hormonal surges, and other problems associated with infertility. because the mammary glands depend on estrogen for their development and functioning, the presence of soy estrogens at a susceptible time might predispose girls to breast cancer, another condition that is on the rise and definitively linked to early puberty.87

recently, a team of researchers headed by brian l. strom, md, studied the use of soy formula and its long-term impact on reproductive health. they announced only one adverse finding: longer, more painful menstrual periods among women who'd been fed soy formula in infancy.88 dr. strom's conclusion that the results were "reassuring" made newspaper headlines all over the world, though the data in the body of the report were anything but. indeed, data left out of the headlines and buried in the report revealed higher incidences of allergies and asthma, and higher rates of cervical cancer, polycystic ovarian syndrome, blocked fallopian tubes, and pelvic inflammatory disease.89 although thyroid damage from soy formula has been the principal concern of critics for decades, the researchers excluded thyroid function as a subject for study. not surprisingly, this study was funded in part by the infant-formula industry.

most of the fears concerning soy formula have focused on estrogens. there are other problems as well, notably much higher levels of aluminum, fluoride, and manganese than are found in either breastmilk or dairy formulas.90-96 all three metals have the potential to adversely affect brain development. although trace amounts of manganese are vital to the development of the brain, toxic levels accrued from ingestion of soy formula during infancy have been found in children suffering from attention-deficit disorders, dyslexia, and other learning problems.97, 98

soy apologists sometimes argue that the plant hormones in soy formula could not possibly be harmful because japanese women eat a lot of soy products and so must have high levels of phytoestrogens in their breastmilk. researchers, however, have measured the soy isoflavones in breastmilk and found them low even in vegetarian women who consume copious quantities of tofu, soy milk, soy protein shakes, and other soy foods.99-101

limited evidence, however, suggests that vegetarian women who eat a lot of soy foods during pregnancy may put their infants at risk in terms of their future reproductive health, fertility, and possibly increased risk of breast cancer. all of the problems that have befallen infants on soy formula, as well as estrogen-related birth defects, have occurred (in animal studies, at least) to the offspring of mothers who were given high doses of soy during pregnancy.102 one of these birth defects that has been linked to vegetarian diets in humans is hypospadias, a developmental disorder in which the opening of the penis is located on the underside of the shaft.103

until soy estrogens are definitely linked to reproductive-tract abnormalities, infertility, and other health problems in humans, most health authorities recommend that we "wait and see." this could be a terrible mistake.

in the 1940s and 1950s, another estrogen, diethylstilbestrol (des), was widely given to western women early in their pregnancies in a misguided attempt to prevent miscarriage. that fact is relevant not only because des bears a striking structural similarity to some plant estrogens-including soy isoflavones-but because it took more than 20 years before the full spectrum of harmful effects was observed.104, 105

des is 100,000 times more potent than soy phytoestrogens. however, the large quantities of phytoestrogens in soy products are more than enough to counteract their lower potency. when the effects of isoflavones in fetal and neonatal animals have been studied, they have paralleled those observed in human infants exposed to des.106, 107 recent studies indicate that the soy isoflavone known as genistein may be even more carcinogenic than des.108

yet the belief persists that soy hormones are "safe" because they are "weak" and "natural." although the soy industry has claimed that soy estrogens are anywhere from 10,000 to 1,000,000 times weaker than the human estrogen estradiol, the correct figure is only 1,200 times as weak.109 though this still sounds quite weak, it is not-because of the quantity of these estrogens ingested by infants on soy formula, and by children and adults who eat soy every day. these individuals consume far more soy estrogens than were ever part of a traditional diet in asia. the average isoflavones intake in china is 3 milligrams, or 0.05 mg per kilogram of body weight. in japan, the figures range from 10 to 28 mg, or 0.17 to 0.47 isoflavones per kg of body weight. in contrast, infants receiving soy formula average 38 mg of isoflavones, which comes to a shocking 6.25 mg/kg of body weight. compare that dose to the 0.47 mg/kg per day fed to healthy japanese adult men and women who experienced thyroid suppression after just three months-or to the 0.75 mg/kg of isoflavones fed to american women who experienced hormonal changes sufficient to skew their menstrual cycles after just one month.110 although children and teenagers are less vulnerable than infants, their young bodies are still developing, and highly vulnerable to endocrine-system disruption by soy. and soy has been shown to pass through the placentas of pregnant women to their unborn babies.

meanwhile, the jury is still out on whether soy might help alleviate menopausal symptoms or prevent osteoporosis and breast cancer. the soy industry's top scientists, convened at the fifth international symposium on the role of soy in the preventing and reversing chronic disease (held in orlando, florida, september 21-24, 2003), conceded that the data are confusing and contradictory, with some studies suggesting that soy might be helpful, and others showing that soy contributes to osteoporosis and promotes breast cancer.

what's certain is that the levels of soy estrogens that might possibly have a beneficial effect on hormonally related diseases have been proven to jeopardize the health of the thyroid. likewise, the 25 grams of soy protein per day touted by the fda to lower cholesterol (see sidebar, "boon to the industry: the fda's soy protein health claim") is very likely to harm the thyroid, and thus increase one of the risk factors for heart disease.

the bottom line is that the safety of soy foods has yet to be proven, and that human beings have become guinea pigs in what daniel m. sheehan, formerly senior toxicologist with the fda's national center for toxicological research, has called a "large, uncontrolled and basically unmonitored human experiment."111

1。 p. golbitz, "traditional soyfoods: processing and products," j nutr 125 (1995): 570s-572s.
2。 janet l. christian, janet l. greger, nutrition for living, 4th ed. (redwood city, ca: benjamin cummings, 1994): a9-a41.
3。 information about soy and agriculture can be found in nutritional anthropology (liss, 1987) edited by francis johnston. for the history of miso, soy sauce, tempeh, tofu and other products see william shurtleff and akiko aoyagi's the book of miso (ten speed press, 1976) the book of tofu (ballentine, 1979) and the book of tempeh (ten speed press, 1979). information about the history of soy, including modern manufacturing processes can be found in keshun liu's soybeans: chemistry, technology and utilization (aspen, 1999).
4。 william shurtleff, akiko aoyagi, "the history of soybean crushing: soy oil and soybean meal," in the history of soybeans and soyfoods: past, present and future (unpublished manuscript). soyfoods center, lafayette, ca.
5。 william shurtleff, chronology of soymilk worldwide: part i: 220 ad to 1949, special exhibit, museum of soy (2001): www.thesoydailyclub.com/mossoymilk/mossoymilk1.asp.
6。 ra guy, "the diets of nursing mothers and young children in peiping," chinese med j 50 (1936): 434-442.
7。 ra guy, ks yeh, "roasted soybean in infant feeding," chinese med j 54, no. 2 (1938): 101-110.
8。 ra guy, ks yeh, "soybean 'milk' as a food for young infants," chinese med j 54, no. 1 (1938): 1-30.
9。 hw miller, "survey of soyfoods in east asia," soybean digest (june 1948): 22-23. summarized in william shurtleff and akiko aoyagi, bibliography and sourcebook on seventh day adventists, 1866-1992 (lafayette, ca: soyfoods center): 74.
10。 ernest tso, "the development of an infant fed eight months on a soybean milk diet," chinese j physiol 2, no.1 (1928): 33-40.
11。 cy chou, "studies on the use of soybean food in infant feeding in china and the development of formula," unpublished manuscript in the possession of bernard zimmerli at the federal office of health, berne, switzerland (1983).
12。 see note 6.
13。 see note 7.
14。 see note 8.
15。 toxicologist michael fitzpatrick, phd, as quoted by the soy information network newsletter (5 march 1996): 6-7.
16。 keshun liu, soybeans: chemistry, technology and utilization (gaithersburg, md: aspen, 1999): 379-411.
17。 david r. erickson, ed., practical handbook of soybean processing and utilization (champaign, il: aocs press, 1995).
18。 a. visser, a. thomas, "review: soya protein products-their processing, functionality and application aspects," food rev inter 3, nos. 1 & 2 (1987): 220, 1-32.
19。 zeki berk, "technology of production of edible flours and protein products from soybeans," food and agricultural organization of the united nations, rome, fao bulletin (1992): 24.
20。 see note 16: 425-436.
21。 ibid.: 386-388.
22。 ew lusas, kc rhee, "soybean protein processing and utilization," in erickson. see note 17: 138-146.
23。 "evaluation of the health aspects of soy protein isolates as food ingredients," scogs-101, prepared for bureau of foods, us food and drug administration, by the life sciences research office (faseb) (1979).
24。 jj rackis, "biologically active components," in allan k. smith, sidney j. circle, eds., soybeans: chemistry and technology 1 (westport, ct: avi publishing, 1972): 159-189.
25。 ie liener, ml kakade, "protease inhibitors," in ie liener, ed., toxic constituents in plant foodstuffs (new york: academic press, 1980): 7-71.
26。 ie liener, "trypsin inhibitors: concern for human nutrition or not?," j nutr 116, no. 5 (1986): 921.
27。 rl anderson, wj wolfe, "composition changes in trypsin inhibitors, phytic acid, saponins and isoflavones related to soybean processing," j nutr 125 (1995): 581s-588s.
28。 jj rackis, mr gumbmann, "protease inhibitors: physiological properties and nutritional significance," in robert l. ory, ed., antinutrients and natural toxicants in foods (westport, ct: food and nutrition press, 1981): 203-238.
29。 nr reddy, sk sathe, eds., food phytates (boca raton, fl: crc press, 2002).
30。 rf hurrell et al., "soy protein, phytate and iron absorption in humans," am j clin nutr 56, no. 3 (1992): 573-578.
31。 b. lonnerdal et al., "effects of phytate removal on zinc absorption from soy formula," am j clin nutr 48, no. 5 (1988): 1301-1306.
32。 l. davidsson et al., "iron bioavailability studied in infants: the influence of phytic acid and ascorbic acid in infant formulas based on soy isolate," pediatr res 36, no. 6 (1994): 816-822.
33。 jd cook et al., "the inhibitory effects of soy products on non-heme absorption in man," am j clin nutr 34, no. 12 (1981): 2622-2629.
34。 ns shaw et al., "a vegetarian diet rich in soybean products compromises iron status in young students," j nutr 125 (1995): 212-219.
35。 arpad pusztai, plant lectins (cambridge university press, 1991).
36。 p. seeman et al., "structure of membrane holes in osmotic and saponin hemolysis," j cell biol 56, no. 2 (1973): 519-527.
37。 lk massey et al., "oxalate content of soybean seeds (glycine max: leguminosae), soyfoods and other edible legumes," j agric food chem 49, no. 9 (2001): 4262-4266.
38。 clive solomon, "low oxalate treatment," www.vulvarpainfoundation.org/lowoxalatetreatment.htm. click on "treatments."
39。 fl suarez et al., "gas production in humans ingesting a soybean flour derived from beans naturally low in oligosaccharides," am j clin nutr 69, no. 1 (1999): 135-139.
40。 a. visser, a. thomas, "review: soya protein products, their processing, functionality and application aspects," food rev inter 3, nos. 1 & 2 (1987): 1-32.
41。 see note 27.
42。 see note 28.
43。 rw peace et al., "trypsin inhibitor levels in soy-based infant formulas and commercial soy protein isolates and concentrates," food res int 25 (1992): 137-141.
44。 pc billings et al., "protease inhibitor content of human dietary samples," nutr cancer 14, no. 2 (1990): 85-93.
45。 ar kennedy, "the bowman-birk inhibitor from soybeans as an anticarcinogenic agent," am j clin nutr 68, suppl. (1998): 1406s-1412s.
46。 gs sidhu, dg oakenfull, "a mechanism for the hypocholesterolemic activity of saponins," br j nutr 7, no. 55 (1986): 643.
47。 av rao, mk sung, "saponins as anticarcinogens," j nutr 125 (1995): 717s-724s.
48。 r. doyle, k. keller, "lectins in diagnostic microbiology," eur j clin microbiol 3 (1983): 4-9.
49。 am shamsuddin et al., "novel anti-cancer function of ip6: growth inhibition and differentiation of human mammary cancer cell lines in vitro," anticancer res 16, no. 6a (1996): 3287-3292.
50。 a. baten et al., "inositol-phosphate induced enhancement of natural killer cell activity correlates with tumor suppression," carcinogenesis 10, no. 9 (1989): 1595-1598.
51。 m. jenab, lu thompson, "role of phytic acid in cancer and other diseases," in reddy, sathe. see note 29: 225-248.
52。 "fao food allergies report of the technical consultation of the food and agricultural organization of the united nations, rome" (13-14 november 1995).
53。 j. bousquet et al., "scientific criteria and selection of allergenic foods for labeling," allergy 53, suppl. 47 (1998): 3-21.
54。 barbara keeler, "a nation of lab rats," sierra club magazine (july/august 2001).
55。 t. foucard, i. malmheden-yman, "a study on severe food reactions in sweden-is soy protein an underestimated cause of food anaphylaxis," allergy 53, no. 3 (1999): 261-265.
56。 letter from ingrid malmheden-yman, phd, senior chemist, swedish national food administration, livsmedels verket to ministry of health in new zealand (30 may 1997), released under official information act.
57。 m. fitzpatrick, "soy formulas and the effects of isoflavones on the thyroid," nz med j 113, no. 1103 (2000): 24-26.
58。 dr doerge, "inhibition of thyroid peroxidase by dietary flavonoids," chem res toxicol 9 (1996): 16-23.
59。 rl divi et al., anti-thyroid isoflavones from soybean," biochem pharmacol 54 (1997): 1087-1096.
60。 committee on toxicology, british food standards agencies (uk), draft report of the cot working group on phytoestrogens, "4:sources and concentrations of phytoestrogens in foods and estimated dietary intake." www.foodstandards.gov.uk/multimedia/webpage/cotphytoback.
61。 ma jabbar et al., "abnormal thyroid function test in infants with congenital hypothyroidism: the influence of soy-based formula," j am coll nutr 16 (1997): 280-282.
62。 see note 57.
63。 chg irvine et al., "phytoestrogens in soy-based infant foods: concentrations, daily intake and possible biological effects," proc soc exp biol med 217 (1998): 247-253.
64。 chg irvine et al., "the potential adverse effects of soybean phytoestrogens in infant feeding," nz med j 24 (1995): 318.
65。 rm sharpe et al., "infant feeding with soy formula milk: effects on the testis and on blood testosterone levels in marmoset monkeys during the period of neonatal testicular activity," hum repro 17, no. 7 (2002): 1692-1703.
66。 pl whitten et al., "potential adverse effects of phytoestrogens," j nutr 125 (1995): 771s-776s.
67。 see note 60: "5: absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of phytoestrogens."
68。 rb clarkson et al., "estrogen soybean isoflavones and chronic disease: risks and benefits," trends, endocrinol metab 6 (1995): 11-16.
69。 rs kaldas, cl hughes, "reproductive and general metabolic effects of phytoestrogens in mammals," repr toxicol 3 (1989): 81-89.
70。 see note 63.
71。 r. santti r et al., "phytoestrogens: potential endocrine disrupters in males," toxicol envir health 14, nos. 1 & 2 (1998): 223-237.
72。 ls frawley, jd neill, "age-related changes in serum levels of gonadotropins and testosterone in infantile male rhesus monkeys," biol repro 20 (1979): 1147-1151.
73。 dr mann et al., "blockade of neonatal activation of the pituitary testicular axis: effect on peripubertal lutenizing hormone and testosterone secretion and on testicular development in male monkeys," j clin endocrinol metab 68 (1989): 600-607.
74。 jsd winter et al., "pituitary-gonadal relations in infancy: patterns of serum gonadal steroid concentrations in man from birth to two years of age," j clin endocrinol metab 42 (1976): 679-686.
75。 il sedimeyer, mr palmert, "delayed puberty: analysis of a large case series from an academic center," j clin endocrinol metab 87, no. 4 (2002): 1613-1620.
76。 j. hutson, m. baker, "hormonal control of testicular descent and the cause of cryptorchidism," repr fert dev 6 (1994): 151-156.
77。 r. sharpe, n. shakkeback, "are oestrogens involved in falling sperm counts and disorders of the male reproductive tract?," lancet 341 (1993): 1292-1395.
78。 j. auger et al., "decline in semen quality among fertile men in paris during the past 20 years," nejm 332, no. 5 (1995): 281-285.
79。 richard sharpe, md, as quoted by aileen ballantyne in "why our men are getting less fertile," london times (29 august 1995).
80。 see note 64.
81。 see note 74.
82。 see note 73.
83。 herman giddens et al., "secondary sexual characteristics and menses in young girls seen in office practice," pediatric research in office settings network 99, no. 4 (1997): 505-512.
84。 peter montague, "the obscenity of accelerated child development," ecologist 28, no. 3 (1993): 140-142.
85。 l. zacharias, rj wurtman, "age at menarche," nejm 280, no. 16 (1969): 868-875. this article includes results reported in n. michaelson, "studies in physical development of negroes: iv. onset of puberty," am j phys anthropol 2 (1944): 151-166.
86。 cl fenton, m. poth, "precocious pseudopuberty," emedicine 2, no. 5 (2001): www.emedicine.com.
87。 see note 64.
88。 bl strom et al., "exposure to soy-based formula in infancy and endocrinological and reproductive outcomes in young adulthood," jama 286, no. 7 (2001): 897-814.
89。 lr goldman et al., "exposure to soy-based formula in infancy," letter to the editor, jama 286, no. 19 (2001): 2402-2403.
90。 m. silva, ec reynolds, "fluoride content of infant formulae in australia," austr dent j 41, no. 1 (1996): 37-42.
91。 sj fomon, j. ekstrand, "fluoride intake by infants," j public health dent 59, no. 4 (1999): 229-234.
92。 r. weintraub et al., "high aluminum content of infant milk formulas." arch dis child 61 (1986): 914-916.
93。 wwk koo et al., "aluminum contamination of infant formulas," j parenteral enterol nutr 12 (1988): 170-173.
94。 nm hawkins et al., "potential aluminum toxicity in infants fed special infant formula, j pediatr gastroenterol nutr 19, no. 4 (1994): 377-381.
95。 tt tran et al., "effect of high dietary manganese intake of neonatal rats on tissue mineral accumulation, striatal dopamine levels and neurodevelopmental status," neurotoxicol 23 (2002): 635-643.
96。 tt trans et al., "effects of neonatal dietary manganese exposure on brain dopamine levels and neurocognitive function," neurotoxicol 23 (2002): 645-651.
97。 d. stasny et al., "manganese intake and serum manganese concentration of human milk-fed and formula fed infants," am j clin nutr 39, no. 6 (1984): 872-878.
98。 pj collipp et al., "manganese in infant formulas and learning disability," ann nutr metab 27 (1983): 488-494.
99。 see note 63.
100。 aa franke et al., "daidzein and genistein concentrations in human milk after soy consumption," clin chem 42 (1996): 955-964.
101。 kdr setchell et al., "exposure of infants to phyto-oestrogens from soy-based infant formula," lancet 350, no. 9070 (1997): 23-27.
102。 kb declos et al., "effects of dietary genistein exposure during development on male and female dc (sprague-dawley) rats," repro toxicol 15, no. 6 (2001): 647-663.
103。 k. north, j. golding, alspac study team, "a maternal vegetarian diet in pregnancy is associated with hypospadias," bju inter 85 (2000): 107-113.
104。 rj apfel, sm fischer, to do no harm: des and the dilemmas of modern medicine (new haven, ct: yale university press, 1984).
105。 kdr setchell, "naturally occurring non-steroidal estrogens of dietary origin," in john a. mclachlan, ed., estrogens in the environment (new york: elsevier, 1985).
106。 em bickoff et al., "relative potencies of several estrogen-like compounds found in forages," agri food chem 10 (1962): 410.
107。 david j. woodhams, "nutritional deficiencies in soy protein-based infant formulas," paper presented to the new zealand ministry of health (5 march 1995).
108。 rr newbold et al., "uterine adenocarcinoma in mice treated prenatally with genistein," cancer res 61 (2001): 4325-4328.
109。 l. markiewicz et al., "in vitro bioassays of non-steroidal phytoestrogens," j steroids biochem mol biol 45, no. 5 (1993): 399-405.
110。 sally fallon, "table: phytoestrogens in diets of infants and adults," wise traditions 2, no. 2 (summer 2001): 53. www.westonaprice.org/soy/dangersisoflavones.html.
111。 dm sheehan, "isoflavone content of breast milk and soy formulas: benefits and risks," letter to the editor, clin chem 43 (1997): 850.

answers to faqs about soy isoflavones, soy infant formula and puberty

this is not my main field of research and expertise. the reason i am writing this is that i supervised a research project on the effects of genistein, a soy isoflavone, on puberty in hamsters ( view a pdf of the power point presentation ). we presented this work at the society for neurosciences meeting in 2001. it received a great deal of press (far beyond the merits of the work), and i still receive emails every week from parents who want to know whether their child's precocious puberty might be due to having been fed soy infant formula. 不知道这个问题的答案。 i'm sorry to be of so little help. i hope something on this page might point you in the right direction.

q: what are isoflavones?

a: isoflavones are a class of chemical compounds. genistein and daidzein are two isoflavones found in soy beans. these and other isoflavones are actually in many different kinds of legumes (beans), grains and vegetables.

the structure of the isoflavone molecule shares some critical similarities to estrogen, one of the hormones naturally produced in our own bodies (both male and female). estrogen is, of course, produced in female ovaries and male testes, as well as in fat cells and certain brain cells. we also have special cells in our brains, reproductive organs , liver and fat cells that respond to estrogen, by virtue of the estrogen receptors in these cells.

isoflavones can bind to these estrogen receptors.

the structure of isoflavones is not exactly the same as estrogen, so isoflavones are not estrogen. however, the isoflavone structure has important similarities to estrogen. these similarities allow isoflavones to bind to estrogen receptors in our estrogen-responsive cells. 要把我的话。 feast your eyes on the structure of these two molecules to see how they are similar (estrogen left, genisteiin right).

because isoflavones come from plants, and because they are similar to estrogen, isoflavones are placed by scientists into a larger category known as phytoestrogens.

(phyto = plant )

q: what do soy isoflavones and other phytoestrogens have to do with puberty?

a: puberty is the maturation of the reproductive system, and one important event in the final maturation of the reproductive system is the increase in synthesis and secretion of estrogens (a natural type of steroid hormone).

puberty involves more estrogen binding to estrogen receptors, and isoflavones also bind to estrogen receptors.

estrogens act on the brain areas that control maturation, menstrual cycles and fertility. they also act on the breasts, uterus, bones, fat cells, and parts of the brain involved in memory and other behaviors. most of estrogen action is thought to happen when estrogen enters cells and binds to special estrogen receptors that lie inside the cells. the estrogen has a special binding site that allows it to recognize and bind to the estrogen receptor, like the way that a key (estrogen) fits its own special lock (estrogen receptor). the estrogen binds to estrogen receptors and form an estrogen-receptor complex (other molecules join in this complex). this estrogen receptor complex moves into the cell nucleus, starts a cascade of chemical reactions, which culminates in the estrogen-receptor (er) complex sitting down on the dna (yes, the genetic material). the effect of the er complex sitting down on the dna is to start turning genes on or off (this is called gene expression). turning on a gene leads to the formation of a new protein (such proteins might be enzymes, hormones, or factors that turn on other genes). these changes in gene expression result in new proteins involved in puberty, fertility, bone growth, learning, etc. see my references at the end if you want to know more about estrogen action. (by the way, when the er complex sits down on the dna of some types of cancer cells, it promotes growth and cell division of those cancer cells.)

q: if soy isoflavones bind to estrogen receptors, is this good or bad?

we don't have enough information to answer this. we do have enough information to say that the answer will not be a simple "yes" or "no."

in some cases, when isoflavones bind to the estrogen receptor, the effect is similar to the effect of estrogen. in other cases, isoflavones bind to the estrogen receptor and block the effects of estrogen.

sometimes isoflavones mimic estrogen

sometimes isoflavones block estrogen binding to its receptor

we know, for example, that treatment of female baby rats with estrogen will advance the onset of puberty, that is, puberty will occur earlier in the estrogen-treated rats. if soy isoflavones act like estrogen, we would expect rats fed isoflavones to reach puberty earlier than those that did not receive isoflavones. on the other hand, if soy isoflavones block the effects of estrogen when they bind to the estrogen receptor, we would expect puberty to be delayed in female rats given soy isoflavones.

since estrogen rises at puberty, and puberty also involves changes in the body's ability to respond to estrogen, and many babies are raised on soy infant formula containing isoflavones, and the age of puberty has been decreasing over the past 30 years, it is reasonable to wonder whether the isoflavones in soy infant formula affect puberty. do soy isoflavones advance or delay the onset of puberty? to perform this experiment on human babies is out of the question. this is why my student, jamie swanson and i fed baby hamsters the soy isoflavone genistein and monitored signs of pubertal development.

the results of our study on hamsters were very clear. feeding the soy isoflavone, genistein advanced the onset of puberty. at the first ovulation we stopped the isoflavone treatment and two weeks later, we tested the females for sex behavior with a sexually-experienced adult male hamster. those that had been fed the isoflavones were quicker to show sex behaviors characteristic of the adult female, suggesting that early isoflavone treatment has long lasting effects on the nervous system that affect behavioral motivation and performance.

again, you can open a pdf of the whole study here.

q: if you found that genistein advanced the onset of puberty in hamsters, does this mean that soy infant formula causes early onset of puberty in girls?

no. it simply suggests that more research should be done before giving soy infant formula to babies.

please keep the following points in mind:

1. this study was done in hamsters, and there is no guarantee that the effects of genistein in this study can be generalized to human beings.
2. this study used only one isoflavone and cannot necessarily be used to generalize to other isoflavones (such as daidzein)
3. this study gave a large dose of one isoflavone and cannot be used to generalize to soy infant formula or other soy products, which contains a variety of isoflavones at different doses. some of those isoflavones mimic estrogen's effects, some of them block estrogen's effects, and the effects differ from tissue to tissue and species to species.
4. the take home message from the hamster study is: compounds in soy products have effects on the reproductive system in mammals, including long lasting effects on behavior, probably by binding to estrogen receptors.

you must draw your own conclusions from my study, but my conclusion is this:

more research should be done on soy isoflavones before feeding soy infant formulas to babies.

q: is there other research being done on soy infant formula?

。 since my study was presented in 2001, many studies have been done on other rodents, nonhuman primates, and at least one small study was done on humans. the monkey and rodent studies have confirmed what our hamster study found, and the study on humans found no significant effect of soy infant formula on children's health including puberty. there are other studies in progress that will examine the long-term effects. because the researchers want to know the long-term effects, the studies will take many years to complete. all of the references appear at the end of this faq sheet.

q: soy isoflavones come from natural organically grown nonmeat vegan-approved sources; how could they be harmful?

lots of natural things are harmful (apple seeds, poison ivy, belladonna (deadly nightshade)). more important, soy milk and soy infant formula are about as natural as coca cola. the soy beans and the bean plants are "natural," but the products are unnatural. to make soy milk and formula, the beans are processed chemically to extract and concentrate the protein and fat components, which are then mixed with lots of sugar (quite often it's high fructose corn syrup, a whole other story). soy milk and infant formula are more calorically dense than any "natural" food, including breast milk. when our pre-agricultural ancestors ate various beans and plants, they probably never experienced soy isoflavones at the high concentration of soy milk, nor did they consume liquid drinks with the high caloric value of soy milk. soy milk, soy infant formula, tofu, tempeh, etc. are not natural, they are highly processed food products made from a natural bean.

some people equate soy products with various "good" things such as fresh, unprocessed, organically grown vegetables, the healthy "asian diet," and so forth. these people are under the erroneous impression that the makers and purveyors of soy products are in a different moral, ecological category than those in the meat and dairy industry. to the contrary, the soy industry is a huge agribusiness. most soy is sold by archer daniels midland, a fortune 500 company quite well known for receiving enormous subsidies ("corporate welfare") and price fixing (see the wikipedia entry for starters ). the soy lobby is one of the most powerful political lobbies, right on par with the meat and dairy lobbies.

the fact that soy beans are marketed by giant corporations doesn't make the beans good or bad, healthy or unhealthy. the point is, the vast majority of these soy products are not being sold and marketed by well-meaning, small, family farmers and gardeners with a commitment to your health. they are simply another kind of processed food with possible health benefits and possible side effects. got soy?

q: how can i make sense of all this?

you have to keep in mind the source of the information. all the information in the popular press is biased, both pro-soy and anti-soy. there are very dramatic anti-soy websites and publications, and these can be traced, usually, to meat and dairy industry/lobby types { here is one example of a rabid attack on soy }. the vast majority of what you see in the popular press is the positive spin on soy promoted by the soy lobby/industry and all the natural food industry people who benefit from selling soy products and selling you their own version of a "healthy" life stye. in addition, there is a pro-soy component of feminists who have fallen prey to the pro-soy lobby { here is an example of this uninformed point of view }

sigh .

here is what i think might be an objective website on soy (knock on wood).

for objective, primary scientific literature that is relatively free from the influence of corporations, you can search on your own for journal articles published by university scientists on pubmed or google scholar. these are not without bias, but at least the editors of these journals require all authors to make full disclosure of all financial interests. you can easily determine who sponsored the research (whether it was archer daniels midland, the us food and drug administration or the national institutes of health) so you can see through to the motivations that underlie the research.

on a related topic, it is important to know that one reason our government gives research grants to university scientists is so that we can do controlled experiments to try and answer these questions without having industry influence the outcome of the experiments and without having industry influence our ability to disseminate the results. as corporations become more and more involved in government-funded research projects, this essential objectivity will diminish rapidly.

q: my daughter reached puberty very early and i raised her on soy infant formula; should i feel guilty?

no. but, i'm a mom too, and one of my children has had a multitude of medical issues, so i certainly empathize with your feelings.

a few more useful points: the one small study that has been done on human infants found no significant effect of soy infant formula on children's health including puberty. in addition, there are many, many environmental factors that might cause precocious puberty in any particular child. it is impossible for any one individual to know which one was the culprit. there are many different molecules that bind to estrogen receptors or turn into molecules that bind to estrogen receptors, and any one of these might influence the developing reproductive system ( see this link ):

• pesticides (chlordane, toxaphene, etc.)
• plastics (such as bisphenol and pthalates which leach out of plastic into food)
• effluent from industrial waste (nonyl phenol, dioxin, pcbs)
• hormones given to farm animals that we eat (dexamethasone)
• real estrogen and progesterone that are ingested as birth control pills and then excreted into the toilet, which then end up in our drinking water (water treatment systems clean up bacteria and other contaminants, but not steroids such as estrogen)

feeling better? i know, it's depressing. we live in a " sea of estrogens " that are contributing to the increase in precocious puberty, hypospadia, ambiguous sexuality, infertility, cancer and who knows what else. at the same time, soy isoflavones are being sold to us as though they will protect against symptoms of menopause, osteoporosis, heart disease breast cancer, etc. the best you can do is keep learning. i will try to keep this site updated for you.

thanks for your emails, and i'm sorry i cannot answer each one individually.

this is a review of information from the scientific literature and from the internet and from my own opinions. it is not medical advice. this information is made available with the understanding that jill schneider and lehigh university are not providing medical, psychological, or nutritional counseling services on this site. the information should not be used in place of a consultation with a competent health care or nutrition professional.

the information on soy isoflavones contained on this web site does not cover all possible uses, actions, precautions, side effects, and interactions. it is not intended as medical advice for individual problems. liability for individual actions or omissions based upon the contents of this site is expressly disclaimed.

参考

casanova, m., you, l., gaido, kw, archibeque-engle, s., janszen, db, and heck, ha (1999). developmental effects of dietary phytoestrogens in sprague-dawley rats and interactions of genistein and daidzein with rat estrogen receptors alpha and beta in vitro. toxicol sci 51(2), 236-44.

giampietro, pg, bruno, g., furcolo, g., casati, a., brunetti, e., spadoni, gl, and galli, e. (2004). soy protein formulas in children: no hormonal effects in long-term feeding. j pediatr endocrinol metab 17(2), 191-6.

levy, jr, faber, ka, ayyash, l., and hughes, cl, jr. (1995). the effect of prenatal exposure to the phytoestrogen genistein on sexual differentiation in rats. proc soc exp biol med 208(1), 60-6.

piacsek, be, and streur, wj (1975). effect of exposure to continuous light on estrogen-induced precocious sexual maturation in female rats. neuroendocrinology 18(1), 86-91.

tan, ka, walker , m., morris, k., greig, i. , mason, ji, and sharpe, rm (2006). infant feeding with soy formula milk: effects on puberty progression, reproductive function and testicular cell numbers in marmoset monkeys in adulthood. hum reprod 21(4), 896-904.

600 experts agree… fluoride is bad!

article at fluoride action network

below is a list of about 600 leading experts, dentists, professors, scientists, and the like saying that the currant % of fluoridation in water is unhealthy and that fluoridation of the water supply should be stopped all together. yes, it's a long list… for a reason.

美国
字母a
alan s. abrams, dds , member of the international academy of oral medicine and toxciology, norwalk, ct
miguel a. aguilera, md , albuquerque nm
raymond m. airola, dds , staten island, ny
phillip m. allen, md, phd , pathologist (retired), wichita, ks
james allison , office manager & licensed water operator, carroll-boone water district, eureka springs, ar
jack alpan, dds, nd , author preventing dentistry , 1986, retired from dentistry in 1997, los angeles, ca
peter alteri , water superintendent, town of cortlandville, ny
american academy of environmental medicine
mary lou andersen, ms (biology), lpn, cht, nurse, nutritionist, bellingham, wa
jeffry l. anderson, md , san rafael ca
richard v. anthony, ms public administration , principal, richard anthony associates, member of the board of directors california resource recovery association (crra), grass roots recycling network (grrn) and the zero waste international alliance (zwia), san diego, ca
carol arana, rdh, retired executive director, american academy of biological dentistry, carmel valley, ca
乙
stephen s. baer, dds , past president, international academy of oral medicine and toxicology , sedona, az
glen m. bailes , safety manager/licensed water operator, carroll-boone water district, eureka springs, ar
douglas a. balog, ms, jd , author of law review article on the illegality of artificial fluoridation, palm bay, fl
david s. banks, dds , dental practitioner for 35 years, san marcos, ca
billie barewald, rn , chair, mountain view citizens for safe drinking water mountain view, ca
al barrier, md, faao-hns , member, board of directors, american academy of environmental medicine, university of missouri, columbia, mo
marcia basciano, dds, treasurer and past president, international academy of oral medicine and toxicology, downers grove, il
gerhard bedding, ma, mals , director nh pure water coalition/nh citizens for health freedom, executive committee member aurum foundation (supporting natural health) and nh chapter sierra club, keene, nh
paul beeber, jd , president and general counsel, new york state coalition opposed to fluoridation, inc. , ny
ray g. behm, dds , natural dentistry, clearwater, fl
michael bell, dds , las vegas, nv
carol s. berman, dds , norcross, ga
david l. biles, dds, ma (exercise physiology), former newsletter editor and caldpac chair, monterey bay dental society, former delegate, house of delegates, california dental association, 1996-2003, current radio talk show host, perspectives, www.ksco.com, santa cruz, ca
russell l. blaylock, md , retired neurosurgeon and author, health and nutrition secrets that can save your life , ridgeland, ms
daniel blodgett, md , holistic medicine practice, oakhurst, ca
christine bloss, dds , gentle dental care, montrose, co
russ borneman, dds , anacortes, wa
larry bowden, dmd , aesthetic dentistry of lake oswego, or
ann brameier , lac , licensed acupuncturist, ny
norman bressack, dds, pc , north bellmore, ny
steve breyman, phd , executive director, citizens' environmental coalition , albany, ny and director, ecological economics, values & policy program, department of science and technology studies, rensselaer polytechnic institute, troy, ny
dennis briggs, phd , neurofeedback specialist, billings, mt
curtis brookover, dds , los alamos, and santa fe, nm
clarence brown, md , colonel, usar (retired), emergency medicine, internal medicine, natick, ma
ellen hodgson brown, jd, health writer, attorney (helped write modification of california medical practice act), los angeles, ca
shirley m. brown, rn (retired), natick, ma
rob bruley, jr, md, dc , specializing in functional medicine, bruley center, minneapolis, mn
christopher bryson , author of the fluoride deception , seven stories press, 2004, paperback, 2006, ny, ny
albert w. burgstahler, phd , professor emeritus of chemistry, the university of kansas, lawrence, kansas. co-author with george l. waldbott, md, and h. lewis mckinney, phd, of fluoridation: the great dilemma (coronado press, 1978) and editor since 1998 of the international quarterly journal fluoride , published by the international society for fluoride research, lawrence, ks
gene burke, nd, ba (chemistry), founder, santa monicans for safe drinking water coalition, santa monica, ca
stuart burr, grade 3 water plant operator, mount desert, me
blair b. burroughs, jd , lawler, burroughs & baker pc, seattle, wa
john bursnall, phd , professor emeritus of geology, st. lawrence university, canton, ny
roger burt, ms, cadc, rehabilitation counselor, state of oregon department of human services, portland, or
荤
lynne campbell, ma, founder and executive director of oregon citizens for safe drinking water, 2001-2006, or
rebecca carley, md , educator in natural detoxification, hickory, nc
cheri carlson, dc , clinic manager, st. cloud, mn
ronald carlson, dds , honolulu, hi
richard carlton, md , private psychiatric practice (1972-1997), port washington, ny
neil j. carman, phd , clean air program director, sierra club lone star chapter, austin, tx
robert j. carton, phd , former chief of environmental compliance, us army medical research and materiel command, fort detrick, md and former president of epa professionals' union.
leo cashman, bs, ma , executive director of dams (dental amalgam mercury syndrome), inc., mn
stephanie f. cave, md , practiced medicine in baton rouge for 21 years, baton rouge, la
richard j. chanin, dmd, cincinnati, oh
adrian chang , nuclear engineer (usn, retired), citizens for safe drinking water, oahu, hi
mistie charles, nd , naturopathic doctor, branford, ct
fen-hui chen, dds , comprehensive integrative dentistry, la jolla, ca
arthur chiu, phd, md , chair, health and safety committee, nteu local chapter 280, pathologist/toxicologist/national center environmental assessment, office research and development, us environmental protection agency (identification purposes only), washington, dc
chester v. clark, jr., dds, mph , practicing dentist (mercury and fluoride free), mayor of amity, ar
lawrence a. clayman, bs, dc, roxbury spine and wellness clinic, seattle, wa
joseph v. clemmons, dds , bartlett, tn
theo colborn, phd, president, tedx (the endocrine disruption exchange), paonia, colorado, co-author “our stolen future”, professor, university of florida, gainesville, fl
griffin cole, dds , austin, tx
stacy v. cole, dds, fagd, faacp, daapm, lmt , forth worth, tx
john m. collins, phd, assistant professor of global studies, st. lawrence university, canton, ny
lynda comerate, rn , trinidad, ca
ellen connett , editor of waste not (1986-2000), currently pesticides project director for the fluoride action network, canton, ny
michael connett , research director, fluoride action network, boston ma
paul connett, phd , professor emeritus of chemistry, st. lawrence university and executive director of the fluoride action network, canton, ny
douglas cook, dds , suring, wi
ken cook , president, environmental working group , washington, dc
susan ek cook, bs, phd, environmental consultant specializing in water quality and toxicology, aubrey, tx
steve corcoran , former supervisor of water department, village of rouses point, ny
pat costner , science advisor, gaia, science advisor, ipen, retired senior scientist, greenpeace international
james f. coy, md , immediate past president of the american academy of environmental medicine, past president of the association of american physicians and surgeons, private practice of medicine, punta gorda, fl
darrel crain, dc , family practice chiropractor, natural health writer, immediate past president of the california chiropractic association, san diego county district, san diego, ca
joyce s. cream, psy. d , clinic director, englewood, fl
corrie j. crowe, dds , dental director at citrus county health dept, inverness, fl
nancy crumpacker, md , retired oncologist, and advisor to rachel's friends breast cancer coalition, portland, or
tina cuccia, rn , manorville, ny
ronnie cummins , national director, organic consumers association , mn
ḏ
john dacey, phd , zoology, associate scientist, wood's hole oceanographic institution, wood's hole, ma
tracy a. darling, md , san diego, ca
paula g. davey, md , fellow of the american academy of environmental medicine, board certified in internal medicine and gastroenterology, ann arbor, mi
michael w. davis, dds , santa fe, nm
amy day, nd, naturopathic doctor, san francisco, ca
stephen a. dean, dc, springfield, ma
douglas decker, dds , general practice dentist, ada member, former advocate of water fluoridation, san diego, ca
armand v. defelice, dds , spokane, wa
marshall s. dicker, dmd, fagd , new york, ny
david t. doi, dds , past president of hawaii county dental society, hi
michael f. dolan, phd , adjunct professor, department of geosciences, umass, amherst, ma
william campbell douglass, iii, md, ms , new smyrna beach, florida
mark dubrow, ms environmental engineer, 15 years experience developing groundwater and surface water protection/remediation programs in california, currently interim general manager of manila (ca) community services district, arcata, ca
sandra n. duffy, bs, jd , lawyer in portland, board president of consumers for dental choice (washington, dc), former board member of oregon citizens for safe drinking water, portland, or
daniel a. durst, esq. , mhsa, tinko law group, meadville, pa
首页
samuelle easton, nd , new york, ny
s. ward eccles, dds , director, international academy of oral medicine and toxicology , livermore, ca
david egilman, md, mph , clinical associate professor, brown university, attleboro, ma
karl b. ehlert, dc, ba, chiropractor, redwood city, ca
lynn howard ehrle, med , chair, international science oversight board (a project of the organic consumers association ), plymouth, mi
roger eichman, dds , retired dentist, nordland, wa
carol s. englender, md, framingham, ma
samuel s. epstein, md , professor emeritus, environmental & occupational medicine university of illinois at chicago school of public health, chairman, cancer prevention coalition , chicago, il
shirley erickson, rn, bsn , prevention consultant, sterling heights, mi
diana l. estberg, phd , chemistry, retired, port angeles, wa
gerald n. estberg, phd , professor emeritus in physics, university of san diego, ca, resident port angeles, wa
g. robert evans, dmd , groton, ma
mike ewall , director, actionpa , philadelphia, pa
f
paula fabbie, rdh , practicing dental hygienist, kingston, ny
james edward fambro, md , staff physician, slidell, la
herbert w. fawcett, dds , general dentist, 38 years (retired), concord, ca
leonard t. fazio, dds , port jefferson, ny
jay feldman , executive director, beyond pesticides , washington, dc
richard d. fischer, dds, fagd , past president, international academy of oral medicine & toxicology , annadale, va
naomi flack, edm, co-founder in 1975 of the new york state coalition opposed to fluoridation (nyscof), fluoride action network (fan) advisory board member, palm beach gardens, fl
ann fonfa , president, the annie appleseed project , delray beach, fl
rene w. fonseca , licensed water operator, carroll-boone water district, eureka springs, ar
brent foster, jd , executive director, columbia riverkeeper , or
harold l. fox, phd (physics), president of eemf, inc., salt lake city, ut
paul framson, phd , seattle, wa
christi k. fuller, rdh retired, stuart, fl
摹
sue gelber, rshom(na), cch, professional homeopath, davis, ca
frank w. george, do, md(h) , affiliate associate professor, midwestern university, az college of osteopathic medicine, phoenix, az
david getoff, ccn, ctn, faaim , jamul, ca
jerzy o. giedwoyn, md, facc , cardiology and internal medicine, gresham, or
paul gilbert, dds, magd, practicing general dentist focusing on biological dentistry, princeton, nj
george gioumousis, phd , theoretical chemistry, university of wisconsin, 1955 (retired), palo alto, ca
william p. glaros, dds, fagd , immediate past president, international academy of biological dentistry and medicine; houston, tx
natalya golovanov, nd , san francisco, ca
deborah gordon, md , family physician and classical homeopath, ashland, or
steven n. green, dds , past president south dade district dental society, past president holistic dental association, miami, fl
c. jess groesbeck, md , preventive medicine, mount vernon, wa
bret grossnickle, water department worker, westminister, md, mayor, union bridge, md
james a. gruber, former water superintendent, lakeview park water association (retired after 24 years service), near soap lake, wa
ħ
kathy hagemeister, cct, cnh p, eds technician, st. cloud, mn
boyd haley, phd , professor of chemistry and biochemistry, university of kentucky, lexington, ky
robert w. hall, ms , president, nevada environmental coalition, inc., las vegas, nv
william hamilton , 1a water operator certificate, canton water department, canton, ny
andy harris, md , former national president, physicians for social responsibility, ophthalmologist in salem, oregon
glenn harris, phd , professor of environmental studies slu canton, ny
jane harris , executive director, oregon center for environmental health , portland, or
william harris, md , retired emergency physician, honolulu, hi
james a. harrison, dds , retired dentist, lake worth, fl
laurie hartjes, rn, aprn, bc, pediatric nurse practitioner, phd student (clinical associate professor before returning to school full-time), madison, wi
tom hartjes, md, family physician, madison, wi
gayle haushahn, bsn, rn, oncology nurse, bismarck, ar
chris k. hersh, md, mba , orthopedic hand surgeon, portsmouth, va
jennifer n. hersh, phd , art history, independent art historian, brooklyn, ny
w. robert hetrick, phd , research coordinator, fluoride team of kansas, wichita, ks
john h. hicks, md, faap, pathways medical and holistic health center, delavan, wi
donald hillman, phd , professor emeritus, department of animal science, michigan state university, east lansing, mi
howard hindin, dds , suffern, ny
charles t. hinshaw, jr., md
j. william hirzy, phd , vice-president, epa headquarters professionals union (nteu chapter 280), risk assessment expert and (for identification purposes only) ranking chemist at epa headquarters, washington, dc
mark l. hoch, md , past president, american holistic medical association, minneapolis, mn
robert harold (tad) hodgert, dmd , associate fellow, american academy of implant dentistry, fellow, international congress of oral implantologists, or
f. owen hoffman, phd , president and director, senes oak ridge, inc, center for risk analysis, oak ridge, tn
ronald l. hoffman, md , medical director, hoffman center, host, health talk, wor radio network, ny, ny
debra hopkins, dds , tacoma, wa
peter w. howison, md, abfp, abhm , president, dunes city council, dunes city, or
jena hullman, dc , certified bradley natural childbirth instructor, traverse city, mi
我
emily iker-d'harnoncourt, md, abhm , director of lymphedema center, santa monica, ca
william a. ingram, md , assistant professor, dept. otolaryngology/head & neck surgery, university of nebraska medical center, omaha, nb
robert l. isaacson, phd , distinguished professor, binghamton university, binghamton, ny. member of the 2006 national research council panel which reviewed the toxicology of fluoride, binghamton, ny
loretta ivory, edd, centennial, co
ĵ
robin jackson, ms, acs, aocs, professor of chemistry, central christian college, mcpherson, ks
antone g. jacobson, phd , professor emeritus of molecular, cell and developmental biology, the university of texas at austin, austin, tx
shirley jacobson, msc (nursing), usphs nurse corps, retired, bellingham, wa
frank jerome, dds , columbus, in
john w johnson, dds, new albany, oh
mark johnson, water operator / lab director, mt. desert water district, mount desert, me
marilyn k. jones, dds , houston, tx
melodie joy, rn, registered nurse, pathways medical and holistic health center, delavan, wi
亩
eloise kailin, md , sequim, wa
john c. kall, dmd, fagd , chairman, board of directors, international academy of oral medicine and toxicology , louisville, ky
kimberly a. kaminski, jd , executive director, oregon citzens for safe drinking water, portland, or
emily kane, nd, lac , author managing menopause naturally, member of mayoral commission to re-examine risk/benefit of fluoridation, juneau, ak
theodore kastenbaum, dds , north bellmore, ny
joel m. kauffman, phd , professor of chemistry emeritus, university of the sciences in philadelphia, author of malignant medical myths , (infinity publ., west conshohocken, pa), nj
charles mh keil, phd (anthropology), musician and author of urban blues ; bright balkan morning ; and born to groove , lakeville, ct
renee d. kelly, rdh, holistic periodontal therapist for 39 years, houston, tx
david kennedy, dds , past president of the international academy of oral medicine and toxicology , san diego, ca
paul kenyon, nd, licensed naturopathic physician, honolulu, hi
paul g. king, phd , analytical chemistry, founder of fame systems, consulting in chemistry and pharmaceutics, lake hiawatha, nj
ronald l. king, dds, past president, holistic dental association, past appointed member, minnesota board of dentistry, st. louis park, mn
joshua klainberg , deputy director & political director, new york league of conservation voters , new york, ny
dietrich klinghardt, md , medical practitioner, seattle, wa
dan knapp, phd , (sociology) ceo of urban ore, incorporated , a reuse and recycling business in berkeley, ca
wayne h. konetzki, md , waukesha, wi
carol s. kopf, bs in biology, ma (science & environmental reporting), media officer, new york state coalition opposed to fluoridation, inc., levittown, ny
stephen m. koral, dmd , vice president, international academy of oral medicine and toxicology , boulder, co
ruth greenwood koss, rn, ms , retired school nurse in the public school system in somerville, nj
george j. krol, phd , retired after 33 years of bioanalytical and pharmacological research, longmeadow, ma
lennart krook, vmd, phd , professor emeritus of veterinary medicine, cornell university, ithaca, ny
john p. krueger, dc, krueger chiropractic, tulsa, ok
richard a. kunin, md, president, society for orthomolecular health-medicine, san francisco, ca
mitchell kurk, md , lawrence, ny
蜇
katie lajoie, rn , public health nurse, charlestown, nh
john d. laughlin iii, dds, holistic dental care, river falls, wi
robert w. lavely, dmd, mba, psc , private dental practice , louisville, ky
todd lawson, dmd , aesthetic dentistry of bellevue, wa
grant h. layton, dds , president, layton dental, president, environmental dental association, encinitas, ca
terry j. lee, dds , biological / holistic dentist, phoenix, az
ljuba lemke, dmd, phd, nd , transformational orthodontics (a holistic approach to dentistry), mt. laurel, nj
leonardo leonidas, md, faap , assistant clinical professor in pediatrics, tufts university school of medicine, boston, pediatric practice, bangor, me
stephen lester, science director, center for health, environment, and justice (chej), falls church, va
warren levin, md , vienna, va
howard s. lieberman, dc , cortland, ny
luise light, ms, edd , nutritionist, coordinator, health promotion programs, vt blueprint for health, southeast region, bellows falls, vt
theodore c. linn, bd, phd , university chaplain (ret.), emeritus professor of religion, st. lawrence university, canton, ny
gary liss, bsc, mpa , zero waste consultant (president of gary liss & associates), crra recycler of the year (2005), and leader of recyclers global warming council, zero waste for global cooling coalition, global recycling council, and zero waste international alliance, loomis, ca
mark s. lohbauer, jd , former member of the board of directors of the nj grassroots environmental organization, pennsauken, nj
rodney lofton, dds , fenton, mo
james m. love, jd , attorney, titus, hillis, reynolds, love, dickman & mccalmon, pc, tulsa, ok
robert luby, md , faculty, lawrence family medicine residency, lawrence, ma
m
susan maline, md , us airways medical services, banner occupational health, tempe, az
todd mangum, md, family practice and integrative medicine, medical director, web of life wellness center, salt lake city, ut
william marcus, phd , former chief toxicologist of the epa water division, boyds, md
michael margolis, dds , doctor of integrative medicine, pc, president of the international academy of biological dentistry, founding member of the institute for nutritional dentistry, mesa, az
lynn margulis, phd , distinguished university professor, department of geosciences, umass amherst, member, national academy of sciences, and a 1999 recipient of the national medal of science, amherst, ma
avery n. martin, bs, dc , mt. vernon, wa
david mathis, md, faafp, abhm , hamilton, va
conrad g. maulfair, jr., do , topton, pa
jim maxey, dds, tulsa, ok
pam mcalister, rshom (na), cch, homeopathy of st. paul, st. paul, mn
laura mccarthy , program associate, citizens' environmental coalition, albany, ny
tom mcguire, dds , dentist, president the dental wellness institute, founder international association of mercury free dentists (iamfd), sebastopol, ca
ellen g. mcgrath, dds , denver, co
marelyn medina, md , urologist, the family urology center, mcallen, tx
william b. megill, dds , dr. of integrative medicine, rocky hill, nj
larry f. mehne, phd , professor of chemistry, covenant college, lookout mountain, ga
terrence a. messerman, dds , past president, international academy of oral medicine and toxicology , beachwood, oh
howard w. mielke, phd , environmental toxicologist, department of chemistry, tulane university, new orleans, la
carolyn fodrea miller, ma , director, reading research center, member, american academy of environmental medicine, arlington heights, il
rosemary grace minervini, rdh, retired dental hygienist, master's degree in dental hygiene administration, education and research, lehi, ut
lr misner, jr., dds, nmd , pediatric dental practitioner private practice, co-founder of the academy of dental resources (www. adrdental.com), pocatello, id
jerry mittelman, dds , past-president, international academy of preventive medicine, publisher, the holistic dental digest plus, ny
peter montague, phd , environmental research foundation , new brunswick, nj
stanley monteith, md , soquel, ca
stephen p. montminy, water plant operator, mount desert, me
deborah e. moore, phd , executive director, second look/fluoride toxicity research collaborative (ftrc), worcester, ma
kent moore, dc , rogers, ar
frank m. mora, jd, chairman of the poughkeepsies' joint water board, past council member and chairman of the city of poughkeepsie common council, poughkeepsie, ny
jeffrey morris, phd (economics), sound resource management, olympia, wa
aaron moss, dds, phd , new york, ny
ralph w. moss, phd , author of numerous books and articles on cancer therapy, including the cancer industry , website on alternative and conventional cancer therapy at , president of cancer communications, inc., lemont, pa
alan muller , executive director, green delaware , port penn, de
mary lynne murray-ryder, rdh,bs, practicing registered dental hygienist, past president maine dental hygienists association, skowhegan, me
ñ
lisa nagy, md , chair of public relations, american academy of environmental medicine, martha's vineyard, ma
gerald natzke, do , president, american academy of environmental medicine, wichita, ks
jb neilands, phd , professor emeritus of biochemistry, university of california, berkeley, ca
james a. neubrander, md , edison, nj
randall neustaedter, omd , classical medicine center, author of child health guide: holistic pediatrics for parents , 2005, redwood city, ca
helene r. (vaughn) newbaker, rn, dc , retired, sedro woolley, wa
alan l. noelck, dds , litchfield park, az
ø
walter de la o, dds , sanoviv's dental clinic, baja, ca
aileen a. o'donoghue, phd, priest associate professor of physics, st. lawrence university, canton, ny
david j. ogle, md , medical director of the center for environmental medicine in portland, or
richard olree, dc , 26 years of practice, hillman, mi
mary o'brien, phd , author of making better environmental decisions: an alternative to risk assessment (mit press 2000), eugene, or
craig o'donoghue, dds, fairbanks, ak
emt o'nan , director, protect all children's environment, marion, nc
bill osmunson, dds, mph , director, the institute for comprehensive dental studies. dental practitioner and educator for 30 years with active practices in 贝尔维尤 ， 西澳 和 lake oswego ， 或 。 host for the cable-tv series, "the doctor's corner", portland, or
p
andrew pallos, dds, laguna niguel, ca
john j. palmer, dmd , greer, sc
alireza panahpour, dds , irvine, ca
kara parker, md, holistic physician, seven bridges holistic medicine, minneapolis, mn
richard passwater, phd , berlin, md
kalpana patel, md, faap, faaem , pediatrician, practicing specialist in environmental medicine, buffalo, ny
carol patton, rn , jupiter, fl
s. eugene peay, dds, bountiful, ut
jan pendlebury, ms (environmental administration), bs (medical technology), ascp, cls, environmental consultant, goffstown, nh
tom petrie, bs , nutritionist, schachter center for complementary medicine, spring valley, ny
geoffrey r. pfeifer, phd (biochemistry), environmental health consultant, santa monica, ca
brenda platt , bs in mechanical engineering , waste and recycling specialist, co-director, institute for local self-reliance, washington, dc
lawrence a. plumlee, md, bethesda, md
marcia poe, rdh, ms, cns, dental hygienist, nutritionist and college instructor, belton, mo
donna k. porterfield, dmd , granite city, il
michael d. porteus, rph , staff pharmacist, ohio state university medical center, columbus, oh
myles a. preble, dmd , dental studio, salt lake city, ut
james presley, phd , author of several books on health issues including a history of diabetes in the us. president, friends united for a safe environment (fuse, inc.) a regional group incorporated in both texas and arkansas, texarkana, tx
grace s. prince, ms, rd, ldn , dietitian consultant in private practice, nashville, tn
jody prusi, rdh , dental hygienist, seattle, wa
joseph py, do , amesbury, ma
ṛ
anne rabe , coordinator, be safe campaign , center for health & environmental justice, chej (for identification purposes only)
doris rap, md scottsdale, az
william j. rea, md , member, board of directors, american academy of environmental medicine, dallas, tx
elizabeth w. reed, phd, scientist and health educator, senes oak ridge, inc., center for risk analysis, oak ridge, tn
byron j. richards, ccn, board-certified clinical nutritionist, founder of wellness resources inc., author, fight for your health: exposing the fda's betrayal of america , minneapolis, mn
mark riskedahl , executive director, northwest environmental defense center , portland, or
donald robbins, dmd , exton, pa
perry o. roehl, phd , distinguished professor of geology, emeritus, trinity university, san antonio, tx
de rodgers, executive director, american academy of environmental medicine
lisa r. rogers, do , professor in neuro-oncology, department of neurology, taubman center, ann arbor, mi
michael b. rogers, dds , arlington, va
gerald h. ross, md, faaem, frsm , bountiful, ut
james e. rota, dds , los angeles, ca
john a. rothchild, dds, magd, daapm, imd, nmd , hoffman estates, il
darryl w. roundy, dc , gig harbor, wa
robert d. rousseau, dds , bloomfield hills, mi
robert rowen, md , santa rosa, ca
paul g. rubin, dds, seattle, wa
š
ruth sackman , president, foundation for advancement in cancer therapy (fact), editor, cancer forum, author, "rethinking cancer," ny, ny
susan m. saetre, dc , rice, mn
karl sandberg, md , ola, ar
diego saporta, md , elizabeth, nj
richard d. sauerheber, phd (chemistry), palomar college, san marcos, ca
andrew w. saul, phd , assistant editor, journal of orthomolecular medicine, brockport, ny
ted schettler md, mph, science director, science and environmental health network, co-author, in harm's way and generations at risk , ann arbor, mi
bryony schwan, ms , executive director, the biomimicry institute, and affiliate faculty at the university of montana's environment studies program, missoula, mt
alan schwartz, phd , professor emeritus environmental studies, st. lawrence university, canton, ny
pete seeger , folksinger, songwriter and co-founder of the hudson river sloop clearwater, starting the hudson river cleanup campaign, beacon, ny
robert j. sexauer, dds , clinton mo
karilee h. shames, phd, rn , advance practice holistic nurse, co-author feeling fat, fuzzy or frazzled? and thyroid power , 圣拉斐尔 ， 加利福尼亚
richard l. shames, md , 35 years gp experience, co-author feeling fat, fuzzy or frazzled? thyroid power , san rafael, ca
bill sheehan, phd , former executive director of the grass roots recycling network, current director of product policy institute, athens, ga
todd shewman, ba kin , clinical director, las vegas, nv
catherine shrady, phd , professor of geology, st. lawrence university, canton, ny
mary shomon , leading thyroid patient advocate and best-selling author of the thyroid diet
alfred a. siess, jr., bce, mba , environmental/economic consultant, ret. engineering executive, lehigh valley, pa
delavan sipes, ms, professor emeritus in electronics & biomedical instrumentation, newsletter editor, michigan lake & stream associations, board member, michigan waterfront alliance, watervliet, mi
lorna h. skrine, dc, chiropractic doctor in general practice, mckinleyville, ca
paul g. slack , bs industrial engineering , grade iv water treatment operator license, manager, mount desert water district, northeast harbor, me
brian j. smith. dds , eureka, ca
gar smith , editor emeritus, earth island journal, ca
stephen f. smith, dds , grass valley, ca
patricia ann smith-willis, md (research), environmental health center, dallas, tx
caroline snyder, phd , professor emeritus, rochester institute of technology, rochester ny
kristine l. soly, md, facc , holistic cardiologist, yarmouthport, ma
charlie spencer , radio broadcaster (35 years), environmental film maker and advocate, chairman (1993 - 1999), national ecology commission, secular franciscan order (sfo), usa, and editor of the commission's newsletter, the guardian of creation , springfield, ma
allan n. spreen, md, cnc , mesa, az
jean starai, nd , elgin, il
daniel g. stockin, mph , senior operations officer, the lillie center, inc., tn
janet s. stopka, dds , president, international academy of oral medicine and toxicology , downers grove, il
terri su, md , santa rosa, ca
phillip p. sukel, dds , past president of the international academy of oral medicine and toxicology , huntley, il
ť
j. miranda r. taylor, lac, mtcm, licensed acupuncturist, master of tcm, gesundheit acupuncture and herbs pllc, seattle, wa
pamela thacher, phd (clinical psychology), associate professor of psychology, st. lawrence university, canton, ny
kathleen m. thiessen, phd , senior scientist, senes oak ridge, inc., center for risk analysis, member of the 2006 national research council panel which reviewed the toxicology of fluoride. oak ridge, tn
william e. thiessen, phd , research chemist (retired), oak ridge national laboratory, oak ridge, tn
dick thom, dds, nd , professor, national college of natural medicine, portland, or
joseph w. tinko, esq ., tinko law group, meadville, pa
calvin d. tormanen, phd, professor of chemistry, central michigan university, mount pleasant, mi
tine thevenin, author, the family bed and mothering and fathering: the gender differences in child rearing , the natural child project (www.naturalchild.org), lake city, mn
jeanine trevillyan, md , texarkana, ar
v
demetra vagias, md, nd, river forest, il
charles m. ventresca, dc, lac, chiropractor / acupuncturist, glen cove, ny
gerald e. vermette, dds , skowhegan, me
j effrey viglielmo, dds , woodstock, ny
maureen viglielmo, dds , woodstock, ny
alan r. vinitsky, md , board-certified internist and pediatrician, gaithersburg, md
糯
mati waiya , executive director, wishtoyo foundation, ventura coastkeeper, ventura, ca
john d. walsh, dds , anchorage, ak
barbara warren rn , ms in environmental health science, warren environmental & health consulting services, inc. ny
carrie b. waters, dvm, phd , director of medical resources, waterskrauss, dallas, tx
alan weiner, do , environmental medicine, portland, me
randall m. weiner, jd , environmental lawyer, boulder, co
victoria welch, executive director of the minnesota natural health coalition, rosemount, mn
william. a. westendorf, dds, lmt , cincinnati, oh
frank whalen, phd , professor emeritus of psychology, st. lawrence university, canton, ny
lew wheelwright, dc, ogden, ut
richard wiles , executive director, environmental working group , washington, dc
randall wilkinson, md, ceo , trienelle skincare, coeur d'alene, id
richard s. wilkinson, md , yakima, wa
craig e. williams , director: kentucky environmental foundation, director: chemical weapons working group, recipient: 2006 goldman environmental prize , ky
louisa l. williams, ms, dc, nd , novato, ca
jeffrey a. williamson, dds , lake oswego, or
john l. wilson, jr., md, ceo , great smokies medical center of asheville, past president, american academy of environmental medicine (aaem), past president, great lakes college of clinical medicine (currently the international college of clinical medicine), director, international academy of oral medicine and toxicology, advisor, american board of clinical metal toxicology, asheville, nc
bernie windham , biostatistician and engineer, research director, dams (dental amalgam mercury syndrome) international, tallahassee, fl
barnet winter, dds , beacon, ny
dennis woggon, dc , rice, mn
kenneth n. woliner, md, abfp , family physician, boca raton, fl
krystna wolski, dmd, roslyn estates, ny
mae w. woo, dds , billings, mt
patti wood , executive director, grassroots environmental education , port washington, ny
tonnie wulff, dc , network spinal analysis (nsa) specialist, hastings, mn
辎
joyce r. young, nd, ibclc , private practice physician with a speciality in environmental medicine, portland, or
matthew young dds, pa , director, international academy of oral medicine and toxicology , hendersonville, nc
ž
victor zeines, dds, ms, fagd, find , dental practitioner in manhattan, author of healthy mouth, healthy body , and several other books, founding member, institute for nutritional dentistry, new york, ny
john zimmerman, phd , biological psychology and neuroscience, reno, nv and

akwesasne nation
henry lickers, bsc, director of the department of the environment of the mohawks' council of akwesasne, akwesasne
james w. ransom , bsc, civil and environmental engineering, tribal chief, st. regis mohawk tribe, akwesasne

阿根廷
asociacion argentina de medicos por el medio ambeinte, aamma

armenia
elena manvelyan, md, phd , head, armenian women for health and healthy environment (awhhe), 埃里温

australia
caree alexander, bdsc, dentist, port macquarie, nsw
craig boyden, chartered chemist, raci, laboratory manager, holland park west, queensland
fiona boyden, bn, rn, prn, townsville, queensland
mary rose camilleri, rn , clinical nurse specialist in community mental health, blue haven, new south wales
noel campbell, bdsc, lds, facnem, fasid , visiting professor, hope research institute, melbourne
maureen corbett, bsc, diped, nd, hepburn, victoria
eric davis, bdsc, dipclinnutr, dipac, facnem, nd , principal of a dental practice, a founding member and past president of the australian society of oral medicine and toxicology
marc p. de vecchi , b.pharm, bhsc-naturopathy, pharmacist & naturopath , daylesford, victoria
mark diesendorf, phd , director, sustainability centre, sydney
doug n. everingham, mb, bs , australian health minister 1972-75 , brisbane, queensland
chris ewan , independent water consultant, ballarat
gerry gillespie , president, zero waste australia
isaac golden, phd, d.hom, nd , director, australasian college of hahnemannian homoeopathy, gisborne, victoria
veronica griffin, phd, md , director, nutri-concepts clinics - nutritional and environmental medicine and chemical detox, cairns, queensland
merilyn haines, bappsc (med lab tech), spokesperson, queenslanders against water fluoridation inc., brisbane
andrew harms, bds , airforce dentist (1978-83), private practice (1983-present), member of the australian dental association, president of south australia ada, 1996, adelaide
eve hillary, bhsc, nd, rn , associate member australasian college of nutritional and environmental medicine, sydney, nsw
brook hinckley, bmete (bachelor of metallurgical engineering), principal metallurgist, sydney, nsw
councillor lisa intemann , ba(hons), bappsc , community development worker of 30 years, wauchope, nsw
peter linaker , retired consultant in science and engineering, elected member, barwon water authority (1991-1993), currently secretary, barwon association for freedom from fluoridation (baff), geelong
mariann lloyd-smith, phd (law), senior advisor, national toxics network inc., east ballina, nsw
lisa matriste, bdsc , dentist, malvern, victoria
david mcrae, bsc(hons), grad dip (human services) , health promotion officer, geelong
hans h. nehrlich, phd , private practice orthomolecular medicine, ret. university lecturer, germany and australia, brisbane
geoff pain, phd , lecturer in science, university of notre dame, environmental consultant, member of the western australia environment minister's panel of experts, member of the australian labor party environment and conservation policy committee, perth
philip robertson bhsc, nd , a naturopath from australia, formerly lecturer in health sciences at victoria university, currently a consultant in functional pathology testing, carmoora clinic, geelong
ruth rollinson, rn , retired, mirani, queensland
jean ryan, bsc , nutrition and dietetics, rn, brisbane, queensland
john a. ryan, mbbs, msc, nutrition, fracgp, dch, famac (acupuncture), facnem fican (nutrition,usa), micgp (ireland), brisbane, queensland
natalie l. ryan, mbbs, da, fracgp, general medical practitioner, warrnambool
g. william sanday, do, glen davis, new south wales
carol skeggs, rn , retired, mackay, queensland
philip stowell mbbs (london), fellow and board member, college of nutritional and environmental medicine, general practice, brisbane, queensland
janet tallon, retired nurse, bundaberg, queensland
eli ussher , bas conservation technology, sewage treatment plant operator, nsw
leisa wheeler, nd, hippocrates health centre, mudgeeraba, queensland (nutritional & environment. med),

奥地利
rudolf ziegelbecker jr., mag. dipl.-ing. dr.techn. , physicist, author of some papers on fluoridation, helped end water fluoridation in czechoslovakia, graz
rudolf ziegelbecker, ing. , retired member of the institute for environmental research of the research center graz, austria, honored "citizen of the city of graz", former member of the new york academy of sciences, european expert in several governments' and parliaments' hearings on fluoridation, co-author of vorsicht fluor with dr mo bruker (emu verlag, lahnstein, 2005, gemany), since 1969 author of numerous scientific papers revealing the ineffectiveness of fluoridation and author of far more critical analyses and comments on most basic and many later fluoridation experiments, whose activities essentially contributed to the cessation of water fluoridation in all the cities of 9 of 11 "fluoridated" european countries including eastern european states, graz

bali-indonesia
prapti wahyuningsih, bsc environmental engineering, program officer/community development expert (solid waste management and domestic waste water), bali fokus foundation, sesetan-denpasar

belarus
eugeniy lobanov , bsc, toxics campaigner, environmental group fri

比利时
prof. dr. luc hens , vakgroep menselijke ecologie (human ecology department), vrije universiteit brussel (vub), brussels
chris vermeire , journalist, antwerp

保加利亚
ivaylo hlebarov , member of the board for the environmental association "za zemiata" (for the earth), sofia

加拿大
maría acosta , bsc, secretary, quebec's academy of biological dentistry, montreal, québec
céline arsenault, nd , naturopath, la prairie, québec
kent babcock, dds, oakville, ontario, canada
james beck, md, phd , professor emeritus of medical biophysics, university of calgary, alberta
warren bell, ba, md, cm, ccfp , president, acipbc (association of complementary and integrative physicians of bc), calgary, alberta
rosalie bertell, phd , regent of the board, international physicians for humanitarian medicine, geneva, switzerland, retired president, international institute of concern for public health, toronto
joan bowie, bnsc , nurse, kingston, ontario, canada
emmanuel comte, nd , montréal, québec
aline côté, phd (literature), publisher of scientific books for 25 years and university teacher in publishing, owner of éditions berger which published fluoridation: autopsy of a scientific error by dr pierre-jean morin, john remington graham and gilles parent, nd, montreal, québec
daniel-j. crisafi, phd (biochemistry), nd, clinical director ph santé beauté inc., montreal
joe cummins, phd , professor emeritus of genetics, university of western ontario, london, ontario
robert c. dickson, md, ccfp, fcfp , calgary, alberta
jean-yves dionne, bsc pharm , pharmacist, montreal, québec
eric ducharme, nd , sainte-anne de la rochelle, québec
jonathan duquette, phd (science of religions), physician (maîtrise), montréal
richard g. foulkes, md , abbotsford, bc
roseline gagnon, msc (nutrition), nd, candiac, québec
diane gauthier, nd, naturopathe diplomée, sherbrooke, québec
louis gauthier, dds , private practice, member, quebec academy of biocompatible dentistry (adbq), member of the quebec dental board, québec city,
dorothy goldin-rosenberg, mes, phd , toronto
john remington graham, llb , of the minnesota bar, co-author, la fluoration autopsie d'une erreur scientifique , 2005, now living in st-agapit, québec
mireille guay, phd (organic chemistry), sherbrooke, québec
ella haley, phd, assistant professor, centre for global and social analysis, athabasca university, researching contaminated communities near phosphate processing factories, edmonton, alberta
david r. hill, peng , professor emeritus, university of calgary, research consultant & scientific auditor for canadian government programs (sr&ed & nserc) providing financial support to industry and universities, calgary, alberta
galina husaruk , thérapeute, québec
pam killeen , co-author of the ny times bestselling book, the great bird flu hoax , london, ontario
julie lafrance, dmd, dentiste holistique, longueuil, québec
isabelle langevin, nd , sherbrooke, québec
pierre larose, dds , retired a/major, canadian forces dental services, fellow, academy of general dentistry, founding member, quebec holistic dental association and currently, vice-president international academy of oral medicine and toxicology, montreal, québec
gilles leroux , msc, biologie , nd , montréal, québec
hardy limeback, phd, dds , assoc. professor and head of preventive dentistry, university of toronto, past president, canadian association for dental research, and member of the 2006 national research council panel which reviewed the toxicology of fluoride, mississauga, ontario
jon lord , former alderman calgary city council, former member of the legislative assembly of alberta, calgary, alberta
cameron i. maclean, dds , general practitioner and faculty, oragnathic bioesthetics international (obi), calgary, alberta
jean-claude magny, nd, phd, director école d'enseignement supérieur de natupathie du québec, member of groupe de recherche en approche intégrée en santé - université du québec à montréal (grais-uqam), montreal, québec
pierre-jean morin, phd , director of medical research at laval university hospital (1973-1979) and principal author of la fluoration: autopsie d'une erreur scientifique (éditions berger, eastman, qc, 2005) québec
louis nadeau, physicist/neuroscientist, université laval, québec
maurice nicole , naturopathe, st-félix-de-valois, québec
gilles parent, nd , author of l'inconséquence de la fluoration , 1975 and co-author of la fluoration autopsie d'une erreur scientifique , 2005, member de l'association de diplômés en naturopathie du québec, (the association has taken a position against fluoridation and it is member of «front commun pour une eau saine»), st. laurent (montreal), québec
gurdev parmar, bsc, nd , fort langley, bc
stéphanie plamondon , anthropologue médicale, st-félix-de-valois, québec
nicole renaud , naturopathe. trois-rivières, québec
nathalie roussy , dental hygienist, longueuil, québec
nestor b. shapka, dds, bonnyville, alberta
jimmy siles , msc civil engineering, fluoride spokesperson and board member for qualité de vie à québec and front commun pour une eau saine, montreal, québec
w. gary sprules, phd , professor of ecology and evolutionary biology, university of toronto, toronto
tara sprules, phd , professional associate, department of biochemistry, mcgill university, montreal, québec
peter ld van caulart, dip. a.ed. ces, cei , vp & director, environmental training institute, cobalt, ontario
normand vézina, nd, naturopathe, montmagny, québec
murray j. vimy, dmd , practicing dentist and clinical associate professor of medicine, dept. of endocrinology and metabolism, university of calgary, alberta
dave warwick, dds , hanna, alberta

central amercia
william campbell douglass, 二 ， 博士

czech republic
prof. dr. anna strunecka, dsc , professor emeritus of physiology, faculty of 科学 查尔斯 九龙东铁大学站 ， 布拉格

法国
dr. henri allard, dental surgeon , member, fédération des associations cévenoles environnement nature (facen), rousson
dominique belpomme, phd, professor in medical oncology, artac's cancer research center, paris
elie fattal, diplomat (retired), montpellier
francis glemet, pharmaceutical industry (retired), spokesperson, amies association des medecins independants pour l'environment et la sante publique, montpelier
mikael laurent , coordinator mce (maison de la consommation et de l'environment) rennes, ille-et-vilaine
paul matthews, ba fine arts , bilingual poet and artist specializing in the exposure of political and cultural manipulation of civil society, saint senoux, ille-et-vilaine
gérard moine, phd (chemistry) , member, french chemical society, mulhouse
denise schneider , présidente, l'association protection defense de l'environnement de bourg-fidele

德国
peter meiers , author, toxizitaet von fluorverbindungen (1984), and of several articles on fluoride toxicity in medical journals; owner of the www.fluoride-history.de website, saarbruecken
prof. joerg spitz, managing director, society for medical information and prevention in germany, wiesbaden

匈牙利
tomori balázs , president, messzelátó egyesület

印度
leo rebello, nd, phd , president, aids alternativa international, mumbai
bittu sahgal , editor, sanctuary magazine, mumbai
ak susheela, phd, fasc, fams , executive director, fluorosis research & rural development, delhi
ramtej j. verma, msc, phd , professor in zoology, department of zoology, gujarat university, gujarat

indonesia
yuyun ismawati , director, balifokus foundation, coordinator of jala-sampah.

爱尔兰
rosie cargin, ma , kinsale environment watch, kinsale, co. cork
elizabeth cullen, mb, bch, baom sc . diploma in pollution control, secretary of the irish doctors' environmental association
don mac auley, bds , dental surgeon and chairman of irish dentists opposing fluoridation
philip michael, mb, bch, dch, drcog, micgp , chair, irish doctors environmental association, vice president [europe] international society of doctors for the environment (isde) millbrook medical centre, bandon, co cork, ireland
jacqueline nielsen, barrister-at-law , the law library, four courts, dublin
robert pocock , fluoridation spokesperson for voice of irish concern for the environment, dublin
dr. andrew rynne, lrcp&si, micgp , medical practitioner and columnist for the irish medical news, founder of clane general hospital,, co. kildare

曼岛
mark draper, mb, da, drcog, general practitioner, douglas

以色列
aviva zack dycian, dmd , ramat hasharon, near tel-aviv
gideon mishnaevsky, msc , geologist, ramat hasharon, near tel-aviv
maria westerman , medical laboratory for diagnostic tests and research, hadassah hospital, ein kerem, jerusalem
loty zilberman, msc , chemical engineer, environmental and toxicological consultant

意大利
sergio apollonio , president, malagrotta committee, rome
ernesto burgio, md , pediatrician, vice president, scientific committee isde italy ( international society of doctors for environment ), palermo
bobbie beckman, dds , swedish dentist working in bassano del grappa
rossano ercolini , ambiente e futuro, lucca
liliane buffaut mungo , comitato tutela valdichiana, italia nostra, arezzo
fabio tomei, phd , mechanical engineering, politecnico of milan
federico valerio, phd , environmental chemist, university of genoa, genoa

日本
kenji akiniwa, dds , akiniwa dental clinic, editor, the journal of the japanese society for fluoride research, tokyo
mitsuo kakei, phd, lecturer, division of oral anatomy, meikai university school of dentistry, saitama
junji kato, md, phd, director, miyachiyo kato clinic, director, japanese temperance union, member, medwatcher, member, japanese society for fluoride research
taichi kazuno, dds , a member of japanese society for fluoride research, beppu city
tohru murakami, dds, phd , former president of japanese society for fluoride research, former vice president of gunma prefectural dental association
akihiro nagano, dds, phd , member of japanese society for fluoride research, sizuokaken
shimizu nakao, dds , kanome dental clinic, director of japanese society for tobacco control, hamatonbetsu, hokkaido prefecture
toshiro sakae, phd, dds, associate professor, nihon university school of dentistry at matsudo, japan
masami thumagari , member of japanese society for fluoride research, moriyama-city, shiga-pref
masayoshi yoshikawa, dds , lecturer, division of orthodontics, meikai university school of dentistry, ome

黎巴嫩
wael hmaidan , environmental policy advisor, currently executive director of indyact, a global league of independent activists, previous greenpeace campaigner for the arab world, beirut

macedonia
dr. tomica ancevski , director, macedonian association of doctors for the environment (made)

马来西亚
thayanithi kulenthran , principal, & strategic planning and operations dayanidhi earth (compassion for earth) & greenfields consulting, selangor
mageswari sangaralingam (masters in environmental management), research officer, consumers association of penang
yuen-mei wong , community and media activist for environmental justice issues; committee member, broga/semenyih no incinerator action committee, kajang, selangor

尼泊尔
ram charitra sah , msc environment science, executive director, cephed, 加德满都餐厅

新西兰
robert anderson, phd , tauranga
graham mark atkin, bsc(chem), llb(hons) , wellington
nigel brooke, do , wanganui, aotearoa
mike godfrey, mbbs , tauranga
lrb mann, phd , senior lecturer (rtd) in environmental studies, university of auckland
tony mcdonald, rn , christchurch
bruce spittle, mb, chb, dpm, franzcp , managing editor of fluoride , quarterly journal of the international society for fluoride research, dunedin
bill wilson , past president new zealand pure water association, auckland

菲律宾
von hernandez , past executive director of greenpeace, philippines, 2003 goldman prize winner , manila
sonia mendoza , bs chemistry, chairman, mother earth foundation, quezon city, metro manila
romeo quijano, md , manilla
camille c. sarmiento, menrm , provincial government environment and natural resource officer, province of northern samar
linabelle ruth r. villarica , governor, soroptimist international of the philippines region, makati city, metro manila

波多黎各
angel m. gonzalez, md, internal medicine and addiction medicine, san juan
tomas hernandez, md, mph , neurologist, president, public and environmental health committee, puerto rico college of physicians and surgeons, san juan
victor a. marcial-vega, md , oncologist, member, public and environmental health committee, puerto rico college of physicians and surgeons, san juan
zoilo nieves, md , environmental medicine, san juan
hector rivera, md , psychiatrist, san juan
olvaldo rosario, phd , professor of environmental chemistry, university of puerto rico, san juan
pablo segarra, md , cayey

南非
muna lakhani , national co-ordinator, institute for zero waste in africa, durban, kwa zulu natal
ilona visser, bsc, bchd, pdd, senior consultant, cape town smilestudios, president, republic of south africa chapter, international academy of oral medicine and toxicology, cape town

韩国
jong-chul kim , editor of green review
seung-ryul lee, phd , full professor, dept. of english, yeung nam university, kyung san
kim mi-hwa , director, korea zero waste movement network, seoul, korea
hye-young park, phd, professor of english literature, inha university, incheon

斯里兰卡
dilena pathragoda , project director, centre for environmental justice (cej), 科伦坡

瑞典
arvid carlsson, md, emeritus professor of pharmacology , 九龙东铁大学站 的 哥德堡 , nobel laureate for physiology or medicine, 2000 (shared with paul greengard and eric kandel for their discoveries concerning "signal transduction in the nervous system"). see nobel press release 和 dr. carlsson's comments on fluoridation .
bo h. jonsson, md, phd , department of clinical neuroscience, karolinska institutet, 斯德哥尔摩

瑞士
martin h. jenzer, md , director projeunesse ag, 罗切斯特 ， 纽约 and hergiswil
konradin kreuzer, dipl.ing.chem.eth , founder, "forum für verantwortbare anwendung der wissenschaft, basel,” editor of the website www.nux.ch, flüh
kathleen muto, rdh , paracelsus klinik, gais

台湾
george cheng , executive director, taiwan watch institute
herlin hsieh , researcher, taiwan watch institute

泰国
penchom saetang , coordinator of campaign for alternative industry network (cain), and director of the thai right to know project, and asian public intellectual fellow, 2005, nonthaburi

的 荷兰
hans moolenburgh, md , author, fluoride: the freedom fight (mainstream pub., edinburgh, 1987), haarlem

英国
john briffa, bsc, mb, bs, medical practitioner, london, england
paul clein, b pharm, mr pharms, liverpool city councilor and joint chairman of uk councils against fluoridation , liverpool, england
douglas cross, bsc, cbiol, mibiol, eurprobiol, independent consultant in environmental compliance and forensic ecology, just completed five years as a member o f the uk government's committee on toxicity of chemicals in foods, consumer products and the environment' (cot) investigating the medical effects of chemical contamination of the public water supply, cumbria
richard dean, bds , dentist, london, england
john cj eaton, ma (cantab), msi, f inst d
damien downing, mbbs , president, british society for ecological medicine, editor, journal of nutritional and environmental medicine, medical director, alliance for natural health, london
anthony fox, md , new milton, hants, england
sheila lm gibson, md, bsc, mfhom , member of the advisory panel for the york review. medical advisor to uk councils against fluoridation, glasgow, scotlant
george c. glasser , environmental journalist and researcher. advisor to uk councils against fluoridation, barnsley, south yorkshire, england
barry groves, phd (nutritional science), independent researcher, author of “fluoride: drinking ourselves to death?,” england,
richard hall , north yorkshire county councilor, college lecturer and information officer and spokesperson in yorkshire for uk councils against fluoridation, knaresborough, england
steve hickey, phd , university lecturer, manchester
professor c. vyvyan howard, mb, chb, phd, frcpath , bioimaging research group, centre for molecular bioscience, university of ulster, coleraine, northern ireland; and newly elected president of the international society of doctors for the environment (isde)
doris m. jones, msc , independent researcher, co-editor, environmental issues forum (eif), ilford, essex, england
tony lees, bds , dental surgeon. dental advisor to uk councils against fluoridation and the national pure water association, brecon, 南威 。
jennifer luke, phd, bds , dentist, researcher on fluoride and the pineal gland, sussex, england
peter john mansfield, ma, mb, b chir frsa , family doctor and independent scientist, member of the advisory board for the systematic review of public water fluoridation conducted by the nhs centre for reviews and dissemination, university of york (known as "the york review", mcdonagh et al., 2000), newark on trent, england
elizabeth mcdonagh , bsc (hons), cert ed, former college lecturer in food studies and applied science (retired), chairman, national pure water association, england
henry micklem, phd , emeritus professor of immunobiology, university of edinburgh, scotland
viv mountford , bsc, former coordinator, halton friends of the earth. awarded a “lifetime achievement award” by foe 英国 , for anti-toxics campaigning. chester, cheshire, england
john a. newby, phd , liverpool, england
ian e. packington , ma cert tox, independent science adviser to national pure water association [npwa], york, england
jamie d. page, bsc, mba , chief executive, the cancer prevention and education society, canary wharf, london, england
diane philips, mb, bs, bsc(hons), da, england
iain j robbé, bsc, msc (phm), msc (med), mb, bs, mrcs, lrcp, ffphm , clinical senior lecturer and honorary consultant, public health medicine, cardiff university, wales
ralph anthony ryder , director, communities against toxics uk, editor; toxcat , ellesmere port, england
alan b. shrank, md, frcp (uk), consultant physician, medical advisor to uk councils against fluoridation, england
liz vaughan , councilor, information officer for uk councils against fluoridation, cumbria, england
robert verkerk, dic, phd , executive & scientific director, alliance for natural health, dorking, surrey, england
robin n. watkins, do, mscc , uk trained osteopathic practitioner, member of the general osteopathic council and british osteopathic association, newcastle upon tyne, england
john whitelegg, phd, fcit , lancaster city councilor and joint chairman of uk councils against fluoridation, lancaster, england
councilor arnold woolley, dipim, mcmi , rtd. senior police officer, past jp and current environmental activist, north wales

veganism kills

(maybe not cows... but infants)

there is a lot of bs out in the world, both from left and right. i have yet though, to see the amount of life threatening views from the right of american culture as i do from the left of american culture. environmentalism and the crazy theories (anthropogenic global warming for instance) and diets (veganism) that follow it are one example of the death that follows lefty thinking. i say lefty because most often the conservative and religious-conservatives in our nation tend towards a diet that includes meat. usually vegans tend to be religious adherents to the new age, or have some eastern philosophy running through them.

then there are the peter singers of the world, who are primarily atheist and put humans and chickens in the same volitional category. this is why he advocates allowing babies to be euthanized up to 30-days outside the womb just in case they have some problem that would require the parents to decide to not want their child. (but even peter singer advises against a vegan diet, but would advocate a vegetarian diet as the healthy choice.)

a book that puts the debate between vegetarians and meat eaters into perspective is a book entitled food for thought: the debate over eating meat , which has people from both sides of this debate dialogue about the ethical and dietary reasons behind the two choices. the book does speak to the dangers of a vegan diet though. which is a good thing.

so, what about it? what are some of the downsides to veganism? is the diet really healthy?

i want to start this convo by quoting a guy who has had many discussions with vegans over the years, he says that usually the “healthy” vegans are the ones who periodically “fall off the wagon:”

nina planck, and ex-vegan and author of the wonderful book, real food: what to eat and why , wrote an op-ed in the new york times shortly after an infant died due to the parents misunderstanding about nutrition. 写道：

of course, as one would expect, she got lots of mail from vegans because of her article, so she responds to them at this link .

most people do not just happen upon these diets; usually there is some influence in their lives, a co-worker, a friend, an acquaintance. and often times these people are involved with or support peta, people for the ethical treatment of animals. i have to say that if there ever was an organization that was taken over by the extremists in our country, this is one of them. i want to quote patrick moore, the co-founder of green peace, to glean from his insight what drives not only his old-organization, but others as well:

“i now find that many environmental groups have drifted into self-serving cliques with narrow vision and rigid ideology…. many environmentalists are showing signs of elitism, left-wingism, and downright eco-fascism. the once politically centrist, science-based vision of environmentalism has been largely replaced with extremist rhetoric. science and logic have been abandoned and the movement is often used to promote other causes such as class struggle and anti-corporatism. the public is left trying to figure out what is reasonable and what is not.”

which is why i want to post this article from the web-site, peta kills animals , and i want the reader to see where most of the organizations money goes, it isn't to providing a home for the animals they rescue!